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Combined Public Comments for Hellman 02092026
1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Julia Meng <julia.p.meng@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 6:48 PM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Concern about Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Dear Mr. Temple, As a neighbor of Seal Beach who lives upstream the San Gabriel river, I am requesting a full environmental review of the proposed Hellman Solar PV project near the environmentally critical Los Cerritos Wetlands. I recently had the privilege of joining the Los Cerritos Wetlands Land Trust on a nature walk of the wetlands and touring the restoration in progress. I was amazed by the beauty of the restored areas and at how many birds and native plants (including federally endangered species) were able to take shelter in this space thanks to the hard work of restoration over many years. As a longtime resident of the area, I believe that Seal Beach should be doing more to help and promote this gem of biodiversity which should be a point of civic pride that puts SB on the map. While I'm entirely in favor of clean energy such as solar, these projects need to be located with greater sensitivity to crucially rare habitats like California wetlands, of which 90% have already been lost. There are plenty of other sites that could serve to house solar, but only so many acres of wetlands left in our entire state. I'm particularly concerned about the many potential issues the Los Cerritos Wetlands Land Trust have raised about the impact on wildlife, not only for habitat loss but also for disturbance from noise and glare. In addition, the tribal gathering areas within the restoration area would be negatively affected by nearby glare from solar panels. Thank you for listening to our concerns! I'm glad to see the city of Seal Beach taking its commitment to stewarding the land seriously. 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:lainey atwood <4pennylaine@gmail.com> Sent:Sunday, February 1, 2026 10:11 PM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Concern Regarding Proposed Solar Project on the Hellman Property My name is Elaine Atwood, I’m living in Long Beach and I’m writing to express my concern regarding the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property, adjacent to our sensitive wetlands habitat. I grew up in this community and have fond memories of this sacred place, where wetlands still stand. I have always hoped that one day it would be restored and given the opportunity to truly thrive. The wetlands and the proposed project area are part of the Pacific Flyway, a critical migration route for birds traveling up and down the coast. Solar panels may disorient or harm birds during flight. In addition, approximately five acres of habitat would be damaged or disturbed during construction, including the removal of native plants and endangered tarplant. This project will not benefit the local community and appears to serve only private oil operations. Given the ecological sensitivity of this area and its importance to wildlife, a full environmental review is necessary to understand the potential impacts on the wetlands and our community. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Elaine Sent from my iPhone 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Joyce Shuford <shubedoo@charter.net> Sent:Wednesday, February 4, 2026 9:11 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:EIR Report on development near Los Cerritoss Wetlands Dear Mr. Temple. I urge you to vote for an EIR on the proposed solar panel construction near the Los Cerritos Wetlands. The wildlife habitat of that location demands that Interference be minimal for migrating birds. The glare from solar panels can redirecting migrating birds and can cause MORE reduction of wild bird populations. This is unacceptable. Please consider asking for an EIR for the sake of transparency. Very truly yours, Joyce Shuford 562-743-4875 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:David Michalik <demichalik@yahoo.com> Sent:Sunday, February 1, 2026 4:29 PM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Hellman property solar panel opposition Dear Mr Temple, I am writing to you as a District 1 resident who wishes to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. I am requesting the council vote for a full environmental review to better understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. The wetlands and the proposed area are an important part of the Pacific Flyway, where birds migrate up and down the coast. Solar panels may harm or disorient the birds when flying. 5 acres of habitat will be damaged or disturbed during construction, including removing native plants and endangered tarplant. Additionally, the solar panels could be placed on top of existing buildings instead of in our last remaining open spaces. The city should also consider that these large solar farms can cause a local heat island effect, warming nearby neighborhoods and habitats. This project has not considered the full scope of environmental and community impacts to all city districts. Because of this, please have the project undergo a full EIR. Or deny the project now. Sincerely David Michalik 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Joel Garcia <joel@meztliprojects.org> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 11:18 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Hellman Solar Array Project (Concerns) Dear Mr. Temple, I am writing to express my concern and share my opposition to the Hellman Solar Array Project. If you are unaware, solar projects such as this are being abandoned for their unsustainability. For example, in California, the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, PG&E Pilot Solar Plant in Kerman, and the ARCO Carrizo Plain Solar Farm are all at risk of being abandoned or being repurposed. Additionally, the impacts of solar panels can: 1. Create Soil Erosion and Runoff 2. Change Water Flow 3. Create Habitat Loss and Fragmentation 4. Leach Metals into Soil In a place like the wetlands, that danger is magnified because of the fragile nature of the ecosystem. I encourage you to sit down with folks knowledgeable about these impacts. A pause on this process benefits everyone. You can also watch this episode of Tending Nature: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOhdwKOO0Y0 Other Links: https://apnews.com/article/california-solar-energy-ivanpah-birds-tortoises-mojave- 6d91c36a1ff608861d5620e715e1141c https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/abandoned-dreams-of-wind-and-light Thank you, Joel Garcia Director Meztli Projects Main Office Phone: 310 - 798-2400 Direct Dial: 310-798-2412 Carstens, Black & Minteer LLP 700 North Pacific Coast Highway, Suite 200 Redondo Beach, CA 90277 www.cbcearthlaw.com Michelle N. Black Email Address: mnb@cbcearthlaw.com September 19, 2025 Via Email stemple@sealbeachca.gov Mr. Shaun Temple Planning Manager City of Seal Beach Community Development Department 211 Eighth Street Seal Beach, CA 90740 Re: Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Dear Mr. Temple, Los Cerritos Wetlands Land Trust (LCWLT) has advocated for the protection and restoration of Los Cerritos Wetlands for over twenty years. It is in this spirit that LCWLT submits these comments on the Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project (Project). Although LCWLT supports the use of renewable solar energy where it is appropriate and environmentally friendly, LCWLT is concerned that siting the 1.5- megawatt Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project within Los Cerritos Wetlands will adversely impact the wetland complex. The Project would construct 3 arrays with 56 solar table structures and 3,100 solar panels on 4.66 acres surrounded by Los Cerritos Wetlands and adjacent to the Hellman Ranch Trail. (MND p. 6.) The system would require concrete foundations and 388 concrete piers, 18 inches in diameter, driven 6 feet into the ground, for support. (MND p. 7.) Collector cables, inverters, subpanels, power cables, transformers, and disconnect switches would also be required, with the transformer pad being 12 feet in width and 33 feet in length. (MND p. 8.) The Project would require excavating 600 feet of underground trench, with an expected construction time of three to four months. (MND p. 9.) This will require significant disruption of a sensitive location. Construction would require “removal of the vegetative cover” and all organic matter “from the limits of the construction area.” (MND p. 12.) After any grading, the 388 piles would be driven 6 feet underground. Given the location of the Project within 1 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 2 Los Cerritos Wetlands, however, groundwater can be expected at depths of four to seven feet below ground surface. (MND p. 12.) The Project’s anticipated lifetime is 25 to 30 years. LCWLT is concerned the Project construction and operation will harm important biological resources, be subject to flooding, and have unstudied and unmitigated glint and glare impacts. Specifically, the MND fails to account for Least Bell’s Vireo populations observed nearby and for wetland indicators present over recent rainy seasons. The MND also relies on an unconstructed berm to reduce the likelihood of flooding. It omits discussion of panel glint and glare that may blind or otherwise disrupt bikers and other recreational users of the Hellman Ranch and San Gabriel River Bike Trails. The MND further fails to analyze the site as a tribal cultural landscape recognized by the California Coastal Commission and other public agencies. Accordingly, LCWLT urges the City to prepare an environmental impact report (EIR) to further analyze and mitigate the Project’s potentially significant environmental impacts if it wishes to approve the Project. The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) serves two basic, interrelated functions: ensuring environmental protection and encouraging governmental transparency. (Citizens of Goleta Valley v. Bd. of Supervisors (1990) 52 Cal. 3d 553, 564.) CEQA requires full disclosure of a project’s significant environmental effects so that decision-makers and the public are informed of these consequences before the project is approved, to ensure that government officials are held accountable for these consequences. (Laurel Heights Improvement Ass’n of San Francisco v. Regents of the University of California (1988) 47 Cal.3d 376, 392.) When substantial evidence supports a fair argument that a project may have a significant impact on the environment, an environmental impact report is required. A lead agency prepares an initial study to determine whether an EIR, a negative declaration, or an MND is the appropriate environmental review document. (14 CCR § 15365, herein “CEQA Guidelines.”) “All phases of project planning, implementation, and operation must be considered in the initial study.” (CEQA Guidelines§ 15063(a)(1).) The initial study must consider whether any aspect of a project, either individually or cumulatively, may cause a significant adverse impact. (CEQA Guidelines§ 15063(b)(1).) The purpose of the initial study is to provide the lead agency with adequate information regarding a project to determine the appropriate environmental review document and “documentation of the factual basis for the finding in a negative declaration that a project will not have a significant effect on the environment.” (Ctr. for Sierra Nevada Conservation v. County of El Dorado (2012) 202 Cal. App. 4th 1156, 1170, citations omitted.) There must be a basis within the record to support the conclusions reached by the initial study. (Lighthouse Field Beach Rescue v. City of Santa Cruz (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1170, 1201.) “Where an agency. . . fails to gather information and undertake 2 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 3 an adequate environmental analysis in its initial study, a negative declaration is inappropriate.” (El Dorado County Taxpayers for Quality Growth v. County of El Dorado (2004) 122 Cal. App. 4th 1591, 1597, citations omitted.) Failure to adequately analyze all of a project’s potentially significant impacts or provide evidence to support conclusions reached in the initial study is a failure to comply with the law. When a project may have a significant impact on the environment, it necessitates the preparation and certification of an EIR, not an MND. One of the first steps in the process required by the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) is to determine whether the project may have a significant effect on the environment. “[S]ince the preparation of an EIR is the key to environmental protection under CEQA, accomplishment of the high objectives of that act requires the preparation of an EIR whenever it can be fairly argued on the basis of substantial evidence that the project may have significant environmental impact.” (No Oil, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (1974) 13 Cal.3d 68, 75.) Under the CEQA Guidelines, “‘Substantial evidence’ means enough relevant information and reasonable inferences from this information that a fair argument can be made to support a conclusion, even though other conclusions might also be reached.” (Guidelines § 15384(a), emphasis added; League for Protection of Oakland's etc. Historic Resources v. City of Oakland (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 896, 905.) The fair argument standard is a “low threshold” test for requiring the preparation of an EIR. (No Oil, supra, 13 Cal.3d 68, 84.) Review is de novo, with a “preference for resolving doubts in favor of environmental review.” (Architectural Heritage Assn. v. County of Monterey (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1110; Quail Botanical Gardens Foundation, Inc. v. City of Encinitas (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1597, 1602-1603.) As discussed further below, as the MND fails to adequately disclose and analyze the Project’s potential environmental effects, and as there is substantial evidence of a fair argument the Project may have significant impacts on biological resources, hydrology, glint and glare, and tribal cultural resources, an EIR is required. I. The Project May Have Significant Impacts on Biological Resources. The Project site consists of 4.66 acres in the existing Hellman Ranch Oil and Gas Production Facility, east of the San Gabriel River and north of Pacific Coast Highway. The Project site is within and surrounded by Los Cerritos Wetlands. The solar facility would be constructed immediately north of 100 acres owned by the Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority, east of an additional 71 acres of wetlands owned by the Authority, south of 43 acres zoned open space-natural that serve as a County of Orange retention basin, and west of the Hellman Ranch Trail. (MND p. 2.) 3 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 4 Both the Project site and surrounding lands contain sensitive habitats hosting special-status species. These species include, but are not limited to, southern tarplant, Least Bell’s Vireo, Belding’s Savannah Sparrow, and the Western Burrowing Owl. The Project’s potential impacts on these birds and on rare plant species must be thoroughly evaluated and carefully mitigated. A. The MND’s Biological Resources Surveys are Outdated. According to Table 2-1 of the Biological Technical Report, the MND’s conclusions about the Project’s potential impacts to biological resources were based on: 1) Focused botanical survey were conducted in summer 2022 and winter 2023; 2) Least Bell’s Vireo surveys conducted in summer 2022; and 3) Jurisdictional waters/wetlands assessment performed between August 2022 and March 2023. As each of these investigations occurred at least 2.5 years ago, they are outdated and cannot be relied on to determine the Project will not have significant impacts on biological resources. Southern tarplant, which has a California rare plant rank of 1B, was most recently mapped in 2022. Similarly, Coulter’s goldfield individuals were mapped in 2023. However, both rare plants are annual species, meaning the MND’s biological resources analysis should be based on the results of surveys from the most recent blooming season. Least Bell’s Vireo, listed as endangered under the U.S. and California Endangered Species Acts, is a migratory species whose population and nesting locations fluctuate annually. The MND must include results 2025 breeding season surveys. It does not. An EIR should include this missing information. B. The Project Site Contains Wetlands Not Disclosed in the MND. During the record rainy seasons of the winters of 2022-23 and 2023-24, many depressional wetlands across Los Cerritos Wetlands held water for upwards of 6 months, allowing wetland indicators to present themselves. However, the MND’s jurisdictional wetlands assessment includes four photos taken in August 2022. The photos predate these record rains and do not accurately capture current site conditions. On the contrary, aerial imagery from February 2024 indicates substantial ponding and flooding of the Project area, which should be analyzed in the Technical Report and MND. Thus, substantial evidence demonstrates the area has recently been wetland, a fact not disclosed in the MND. Any wetlands designations or potential ramifications of the Project to wetlands or 4 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 5 wetland-dependent species must be disclosed, analyzed, and mitigated in an EIR. Figure 1. Aerial imagery from February 2024 with areas of flooded outlined in red. C. Least Bell’s Vireo Use the Project Site. LCWLT has performed surveys of the Least Bell’s Vireo population in the Heron Pointe Bioswale, nearly adjacent to the Project site, for the last 5 breeding seasons. Individuals of this endangered species have been observed nesting, each year, within 100 feet of the project boundary and have also been observed foraging within the area the MND discloses would be subject to permanent Project impact. The MND acknowledges that 96-decibel noise is expected at the Heron Pointe Bioswale. Foraging habitat for Least Bell’s Vireo is protected by state and federal law. Impacts to this species could be considered a “take,” and warrant a mandatory finding of significant impact under CEQA. An EIR must be prepared to thoroughly disclose, analyze, and mitigate impacts to Least Bell’s Vireo. 5 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 6 D. An EIR Must Evaluate Fuel Modification and Type Conversion Impacts. The MND’s Biological Technical Report mentions “fuel modification zones” but does not provide any information as to how these areas are permitted, the activities that occur in these zones, or the timing of activities performed in these zones. If fuel modification occurred before biological surveys for the MND were conducted, the Project’s Biological Technical Report may not reflect the full scope of species or individuals present on the site under “pre-project” conditions. The data collected in the surveys may not be valid. Since the fuel modification zones overlap with the locations of special status plant populations, the fuel modification zones require a coastal development permit. In order to ensure fuel modification occurs within a comprehensive plan, and that all fuel modification impacts are considered cumulatively, we request the incorporation of a mitigation measure requiring preparation of a permitted plan that covers all fuel modification practices throughout the property. Table 3-5 of the IS/MND includes a sensitive vegetation type called “Distichlis spicata – annual grasses” that comprises 1.66 acres of the total project impact area. This vegetation type overlaps with fuel modification areas. However, removal of vegetation in the area where this vegetation type is found could result in a level of disturbance that promotes invasion of annual grasses. This “type conversion” is a significant impact on biological resources that is not disclosed, analyzed, or mitigated in the MND. Furthermore, aerial imagery analysis indicates that most of this vegetation type (Distichlis spicata – annual grasses) has been disturbed by mowing as recently as September 2025. Heavy mowing can degrade sensitive native plant communities and alter vegetation alliances. Mowing of Distichlis spicata should require a coastal development permit. Additionally, this mowing nullifies the findings of the 2022 botanical surveys performed for this Project’s Biological Technical Report. We request the City require pre-construction surveys of site vegetation after the passage of 2 blooming seasons, without mowing interference, within the study area. 6 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 7 Figure 2. Aerial imagery from September 2025 indicating recent mowing of the Distichlis spicata - annual grasses herbaceous alliance. E. The Project’s Mitigation Measures Fail to Ensure Project Impacts Will Be Reduced Below Significance. Mitigation Measure BIO-2, provides, “To the extent feasible, the project site shall not be graded.” This Measure is not enforceable due to the inclusion of the modifier “To the extent feasible.” The Measure does not state the criteria for feasibility or the entity that will decide feasibility. This renders the mitigation speculative. Mitigation measures must be concrete and enforceable. (Lincoln Place Tenants Ass’n v. City of Los Angeles (2007) 155 Cal. App. 4th 425, 445; Pub. Resources Code § 21081.6(b).) Mitigation Measure BIO-5, the Southern Tarplant Mitigation and Monitoring Plan, fails to recognize that the project area has been mowed as recently as September 2025. For efficacy, this Mitigation Measure should prohibit impacts to the existing plant community until the completion of pre-construction surveys. Due to the potential that both Southern Tarplant and Coulter’s Goldfields have been impacted by unauthorized mowing, the replacement mitigation ratio should be changed to 10:1. Such a ratio would adequately mitigate for previous, unpermitted impacts to these special status plant species. 7 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 8 The Project should incorporate a mitigation measure requiring a pre-construction jurisdictional wetland assessment be performed during the wet season most proximal to future construction. The Project should also incorporate a mitigation measure requiring pre- construction surveys for Least Bell’s Vireo and consultations with both the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. As Project mitigation fails to eliminate the Project’s potential for significant impacts to listed plant and wildlife species, an EIR is required. II. The Project May Have Significant Undisclosed and Unmitigated Hydrological Impacts. As depicted above, the Project site has experienced recent ponding. It is surrounded by bodies of water and the Los Cerritos Wetlands complex. Accordingly, accurate analysis of flooding and hydrological impacts is important. The MND appears to rely on an offsite berm to reduce flood impacts at the Project. Section 3.4.10 of the IS/MND states that an earthen berm proposed by a neighboring landowner will “further reduce the potential for flooding on-site.” (MND p. 51.) However, a Project cannot rely upon mitigation provided by another agency, at another site. When a potentially significant environmental impact cannot be mitigated by the lead agency, it must be assumed to remain significant. Thus, the impact analysis must be performed from the perspective that this non-existent berm may never be constructed. Furthermore, the IS/MND appears to rely on a technical report produced by Moffatt and Nichol in 2019 for a different project previously proposed for the subject property. Aside from the technical report’s age and irrelevant subject matter, the technical report was not provided as part of the IS/MND appendix. This renders the IS/MND incomplete. A Hydrologic and Hydraulic Study must be specifically prepared for this project and circulated to the public and decisionmakers as part of an EIR. CEQA does not tolerate attempts to sweep important public safety issues “under the rug.” (Concerned Citizens of Costa Mesa v 32nd Dist. Ag. Ass’n. (1986) 42 Cal. 3d 929, 935.) III. The MND Fails to Disclose, Analyze, and Mitigate Glint and Glare Impacts. A. The Project May Cause Glare to Recreational Trail Users and the Tribal Gathering Area. As acknowledged in the MND, the LCWA-owned Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project is located immediately south of the Project site. The restoration 8 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 9 project – scheduled to begin construction in October 2025 – will contain a 6-foot earthen perimeter berm on its northern boundary. This berm will separate the Hellman property from the LCWA parcel. As discussed above, the MND assumes implementation of that berm to justify its conclusion that flooding impacts from sea level rise will not occur. (MND p. 51). Accordingly, implementation of said berm – and all its functions – should be incorporated throughout the analysis, including that of glare. To determine potential glare impacts, the MND identifies three observation points (OP) in the LCWA property, two of which are effectively located on the wetlands-side of the perimeter berm: #28 (33.752156, -118.092389) and #29 (33.752155, -118.095105). Per the glare analysis (MND Appendix D), these OP were set 6 feet off the ground. This is too low. There will be a docent-only access trail located atop the perimeter berm (Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project, Mitigated Negative Declaration p. 24). Albeit restricted use, this trail will periodically contain recreational users who will travel the length of the trail to travel from one side of the restored wetlands to the other. At +12 ft. (6 ft. berm and 6 ft. user) the recreational user atop the berm would be taller than the panel arrays. And as the panels are south-facing (i.e. facing the perimeter trail) and there is not a “barrier” obstructing views, users would have direct line of site to the panels along the majority of this trail. There is a strong potential for glare impacts to users of the perimeter trail, and an analysis of the strength, severity, and duration of these potential impacts must be conducted. These are likely significant glare impacts, with significant impacts to recreation. An EIR is required to analyze these impacts. As the perimeter berm/trail are irregularly shaped, and the selected observation points are located on portions of the future trail where the recreational user is walking east/west (parallel to the panels), it is recommended that the EIR’s glare analysis also include OP on the north-south portions of the trail where the user is looking directly at the panels along that trail stretch as they otherwise enjoy their walk of the restored wetlands. Once the analysis is revised to understand and disclose potential impacts to recreational users of the perimeter trail, these impacts must be fully mitigated. Given the project-specific needs (south facing panels situated to avoid shading), and site constraints (limited space to put the panels given ongoing operations and highly sensitive wetland/habitat areas), determining feasible mitigation could be a challenge. If the revised glare analysis shows an impact to users of the perimeter trail, and this impact cannot be fully mitigated, the EIR must disclose this information to the public. Moreover, the Project should not move forward. The City of Seal Beach is on the cusp of having a restored wetlands right in their backyard. We would hope Seal Beach would prioritize protecting this important amenity and its recreational users. 9 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 10 Additionally, the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project will include two public outlooks and one tribal gathering area on its southern boundary. The outlooks and gathering area will be higher in elevation than surrounding lands and are oriented so that public and tribal entities will look down and across the restored wetlands (i.e. facing the solar panels). As these outlooks and tribal gathering area will be set at a higher elevation than the berm, they will likely have line of sight to the panels. The EIR’s revised glare analysis should analyze potential glare impacts to the public and to tribes who will use these outlooks and tribal gathering area. Lastly, MND Table 3-1 identifies OP1-8 and OP26 as “no glare with existing vegetation screening” whereas the other OPs are described as “no glare with or without existing vegetation screening.” The MND does not explain this discrepancy. The revised analysis should include a “without vegetation” scenario for OP1-8 and OP26. B. Project Glint May Blind Bikers on the San Gabriel River Bike Path. The MND fails to disclose or analyze whether the solar panels are visible to north- bound bikers along the adjacent San Gabriel River bike path. The revised analysis must include analysis of glint. Bikers travel at high speed along this path, and a blinding flash from the panels as they whiz by could result in an accident and injuries. C. The MND Fails to Adequately Consider Glint and Glare Impacts on Birds. As birds fly at varying altitudes, the glint and glare of the solar panels may impact birds, including species of special concern, that fly above or below 6 feet above ground. Solar arrays reflect light that, at certain angles, makes the panels appear to birds as bodies of water. This “lake effect,” can injure or kill birds that try to land in these nonexistent bodies of water. If affected birds include listed species known to inhabit Los Cerritos Wetlands, including state and federally-listed birds, the Project may “take” birds under the Acts. (Attachment 2, pp. 9-10.) Solar facilities may also interfere with songbird migrations for species relying on polarized light for orientation. (Attachment 2, p. 10.) A review of studies of solar facilities reported: By the time a bird may realise the panels are not water, it may be too late for the bird to stop its dive from the sky and fly away. Birds that collide with the panels are also likely to be disoriented or injured and more vulnerable to predation. As well as increasing the direct risk of collision and injuries, diversion off flight paths will increase depletion of energy reserves, potentially stranding animals and leading to mortality from starvation. 10 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 11 Obstruction from panels and fencing can also hinder birds from taking-off. For example, water-obligate birds that require water for take-off (ensu) – including loons (Gaviiformes), grebes (Podici-pediformes), cormorants (Suliformes), coots (Gruiformes) and some ducks (Anseriformes; e.g., Ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis) – and those that use water for some aspect of their life history (e.g., family Chara- driidae) are amongst the mortalities at solar facilities. Stranding of these birds would contribute to the disproportionate number of waterbirds represented amongst the cases where starvation has been identified as cause of death. (Attachment 2, p. 10.) While the MND claims impacts from the “lake effect” are unlikely due to the Project’s small size and the presence of other nearby water sources (MND p. 32), the MND cites no support for this claim. That an impact occurs at large PV installations does not mean it will not occur at a smaller one. Birds may land at any perceived water bodies in the area, including the Project. Given the presence of wetlands nearby, and the higher prevalence of birds in the area, the Project’s location near water may exacerbate, not reduce, this potential impact. Furthermore, the MND does not address potential interference with songbird migration. An EIR must be prepared to disclose, analyze, and fully mitigate these potentially significant undisclosed impacts on biological resources. IV. The MND Fails to Adequately Disclose, Analyze, and Mitigate the Project’s Potentially Significant Impacts on Tribal Cultural Landscapes. The Project’s Cultural Resources assessment fails to recognize the Traditional Cultural Landscape that has been identified for this area in previously-approved environmental documents. The Los Cerritos Wetland Authority’s 2021 Program EIR and the 2024 Mitigated Negative Declaration for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project both indicate that consultations with local tribal groups identified a Traditional Cultural Landscape throughout the current extent of the Los Cerritos Wetlands complex. The potential for this Traditional Cultural Landscape was first described by consultations performed by Coastal Commission staff regarding the Los Cerritos Wetlands Oil Consolidation and Restoration Project. The LCWA’s 2023 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project (Cogstone, 2023) includes an evaluation of what is called the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape (PTCL). This evaluation determined that “The PTCL meets the criteria of eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and has sufficient integrity to justify being regarded as eligible for the Register. The area is recommended eligible for the National Register as a Traditional Cultural Property. Since it is recommended for the National Register, it is automatically recommended as eligible 11 City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project September 19, 2025 Page 12 for the CRHR.” (Attachment 2.) The proposed project’s assessment of Tribal Cultural Resources makes no mention of the PTCL and therefore does not consider potential impacts or offer mitigation measures to avoid or minimize any such impacts. Impacts generated by the proposed Project to this Traditional Cultural Landscape would be considered significant and unavoidable based on the LCWA’s previous CEQA determinations in the area. Conclusion LCWLT thanks the City for its consideration of these comments and urges it to prepare an environmental impact report before considering this potentially impactful Project further. Sincerely, Michelle Black Enclosures 1. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project, Cogstone (2023). 2. P.A. Fleming, All that Glitters: Review of solar energy impacts on fauna, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2025). 12 ENCLOSURE 1 13 Draft Initial Study / Mitigated Negative Declaration Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project April 2023 Appendix F: Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project lllilllllllllillllll mo f fatt & nichol 14 1518 West Taft Avenue Orange, CA 92865 Office (714) 974-8300 Field Offices San Diego • Riverside • Morro Bay • Sacramento • Arizona cogstone.com Toll free 888-333-3212 Federal Certifications WOSB, EDWOSB, SDB State Certifications DBE, WBE,, UDBE CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE SOUTHERN LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS RESTORATION PROJECT Prepared for: Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority 100 North Old San Gabriel Canyon Road Azusa, CA 91702 Authors: Desireé Martinez, M.A., Shannon Lopez, M.A., John Gust, Ph.D. With contributions from: Joyce Perry Principal Investigator: Desireé Martinez, M.A., RPA Date: October 2022; Revised January 2023, March 2023 Cogstone Project Number: 5148 Type of Study: Cultural Resources Assessment Sites: P-30-000256, P-30-000258, P-30-000260, 2021_08_05_SD.1-I, 2021_08_28_DRM_1-I, 2021_08_06_SD.1, 2021_08_06_SD.2, 2021_08_06_SD.3, Hellman Channel, Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape USGS 7.5’ Quadrangles: Los Alamitos (1984), Seal Beach (1981) Area: 105 acres Key Words: Culturally sensitive area, Gabrielino/Gabrieleño/Tongva/Kizh, Juaneño/Acjachemen, Puvungna, Motuucheyngna; Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HISTORY 15 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE OF STUDY ........................................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 2 PROJECT PERSONNEL ...................................................................................................................................... 5 REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 6 CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT ....................................................................................... 6 TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................. 6 PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE ............................................................................................................................. 7 CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES ......................................................................... 7 NATIVE AMERICAN HUMAN REMAINS ....................................................................................................... 8 CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, TITLE 14, SECTION 4307 ........................................................ 8 MITIGATION MEASURES .................................................................................................................................. 8 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ........................................................................................................................... 9 GEOLOGICAL SETTING .................................................................................................................................... 9 STRATIGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 CULTURAL SETTING ....................................................................................................................................... 10 PRE-CONTACT HISTORY ....................................................................................................................................... 10 ETHNOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................. 15 GABRIELINO (GABRIELEÑO; TONGVA; KIZH)......................................................................................................... 16 JUANEÑO (ACJACHEMEN) ..................................................................................................................................... 23 HISTORIC SETTING .......................................................................................................................................... 25 CITY OF SEAL BEACH ........................................................................................................................................... 25 RANCHO LOS ALAMITOS ....................................................................................................................................... 26 ISAIAS WOLF HELLMAN (OCTOBER 3, 1842-APRIL 9, 1920) .................................................................................. 28 HELLMAN RANCH ................................................................................................................................................. 28 LOS ANGELES BASIN OIL INDUSTRY ...................................................................................................................... 29 PROJECT AREA HISTORY ...................................................................................................................................... 29 RECORDS SEARCH ................................................................................................................................................ 30 CALIFORNIA HISTORIC RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM ......................................................... 30 P-30-000256 (LANDING HILL #1) ........................................................................................................................ 31 P-30-000258 (LANDING HILL #3) ........................................................................................................................ 31 P-30-000260 ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 OTHER SOURCES .............................................................................................................................................. 31 SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 33 TRIBAL COORDINATION AND INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................ 33 TRIBAL ADVISORY COUNCIL ....................................................................................................................... 33 TRIBAL INTERVIEWS.............................................................................................................................................. 35 SURVEY ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................................ 39 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 40 NEWLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 41 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES ............................................................................................................................. 48 EXTENDED PHASE I TESTING............................................................................................................................ 48 16 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone iii METHODS ............................................................................................................................................................ 49 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 54 GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 55 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................................ 55 CLASSIFICATIONS FOR BURIED SITE POTENTIAL ARE AS FOLLOW ............................................................................. 55 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 56 SOILS MAPPED OVER ARTIFICIAL FILL .................................................................................................................... 56 SOILS MAPPED OVER MIDDLE TO LATE PLEISTOCENE OLD MARINE TO NONMARINE DEPOSITS .................................. 57 TRIBAL FEEDBACK ............................................................................................................................................... 57 PAST USE OF SALT MARSHES ....................................................................................................................... 57 SALT AS MEDICINE ................................................................................................................................................ 58 FISHING ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 COLLECTING PLANTS AND ANIMALS ...................................................................................................................... 60 CURRENT USE OF THE LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS AND SALT MARSHES .................................... 62 FUTURE USE OF SALT MARSHES ................................................................................................................. 63 COLLECTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS ................................................................................................................. 63 HARVESTING SALT ................................................................................................................................................ 64 COLLECTION OF DREDGED SHELL ........................................................................................................................ 64 RECONNECTING WITH THE LAND ........................................................................................................................... 64 PLACE TO LAUNCH TULE BOATS ........................................................................................................................... 64 CO-STEWARDSHIP ................................................................................................................................................ 65 EDUCATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 66 GATHERING PLACE ............................................................................................................................................... 67 LAND CAPABILITY ................................................................................................................................................ 68 NURSERY ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 NAME OF THE PROJECT AREA ............................................................................................................................... 68 CONCERNS .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 CONTAMINATION .................................................................................................................................................. 68 ACCESS ................................................................................................................................................................ 69 THE PUVUNGNA TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ........................................................................ 69 RESEARCH APPROACH ................................................................................................................................... 70 TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................. 70 IDENTIFYING LANDSCAPES ............................................................................................................................... 71 LANDSCAPE DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................. 72 ADVISORY COUNCIL ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION GUIDANCE .................................................... 73 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................ 74 GABRIELINO (GABRIELEÑO, TONGVA) RELATIONSHIP TO THE LAND: MAXAAX .................... 74 PUVUNGNA .......................................................................................................................................................... 76 MOTUUCHEYNGNA ............................................................................................................................................... 80 CONNECTION BETWEEN LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS COMPLEX, PUVUNGNA AND MOTUUCHEYNGNA ........................ 82 EVALUATING THE PUVUNGNA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ......................................................................... 83 APPROACH .......................................................................................................................................................... 83 THE PUVUNGNA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AS A "PROPERTY" .......................................................... 84 NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ...................................................................................... 84 INTEGRITY OF RELATIONSHIP ............................................................................................................................... 84 INTEGRITY OF CONDITION .................................................................................................................................... 85 NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................. 85 CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 86 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................ 86 17 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone iv CALIFORNIA REGISTER EVALUATION .......................................................................................................... 87 ISOLATES ............................................................................................................................................................ 87 NEWLY RECORDED SITES ............................................................................................................................. 88 2021_08_06_SD.1 .............................................................................................................................................. 88 2021_08_06_SD.2 .............................................................................................................................................. 88 2021_08_06_SD.3 .............................................................................................................................................. 88 HELLMAN CHANNEL ............................................................................................................................................. 89 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES .................................................................................................................. 89 P-30-000256 (LANDING HILL #1) ........................................................................................................................ 89 P-30-000258 (LANDING HILL #3) AND P-30-000260 ........................................................................................... 90 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 90 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................................................. 93 APPENDIX A. QUALIFICATIONS..................................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX B. MITIGATION MEASURES FROM THE PEIR ...................................................................... 115 APPENDIX C. MAPS AND FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 129 APPENDIX D. USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ......................................................................... 141 APPENDIX E. PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES ................................................................... 151 APPENDIX F. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES ...................................................... 164 APPENDIX G. HISTORIC TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS ......................................................................................... 212 APPENDIX H. SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH .............................................................................................. 216 APPENDIX I. SAMPLE TAG INVITATION ..................................................................................................... 218 APPENDIX J. JULY 23, 2021 SITE VISIT SIGN IN SHEET ........................................................................... 225 APPENDIX K. INTERVIEW CONSENT FORM AND QUESTIONS .............................................................. 227 CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX L. SURVEY RESULTS AND EXTENDED PHASE I TESTING LOCATON MAPS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 233 APPENDIX M. SOILS MAP .................................................................................................................................. 236 CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX N. DPR SITE RECORDS .................................................................................. 238 18 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. PROJECT VICINITY MAP .............................................................................................................................. 1 FIGURE 2. AERIAL MAP SHOWING THE LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS COMPLEX AND THE SOUTH LCW RESTORATION PROJECT AREA ...................................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 3. COMMODITIES TRADED FROM GABRIELINO (GABRIELEÑO; TONGVA; KIZH) TERRITORY TO/FROM THE KOHATK (O’ODHAM) ON THE GILA RIVER (FROM BEAN ET AL. 1978) ............................................................. 19 FIGURE 4. A PORTION OF THE 1937/1938 KIRKMAN-HARRIMAN PICTORIAL AND HISTORICAL MAP OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY SHOWING THE COUNTY AS IT EXISTED IN 1860 WITH THE PROJECT AREA OVERLAIN ............. 22 FIGURE 5. MEETING WITH LCWA. COASTAL COMMISSION, AND TAG ON JULY 23, 2021.................................... 35 FIGURE 6. MERCEDES DORAME AND CINDI ALVITRE, GUM GROVE PARK, SEAL BEACH, CA AUGUST 14, 2021. 38 FIGURE 7. CRAIG TORRES AND NICHOLAS ROCHA, LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS, SEAL BEACH, CA AUGUST 28, 202 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 39 FIGURE 8. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN LCW PROJECT AREA SHOWING DENSE VEGETATION, FACING NORTHEAST ................................................................................................................................................................. 40 FIGURE 9. OVERVIEW DREDGE SEDIMENTS AND SHELL WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA ............................................. 41 FIGURE 10. SEGMENT OF HELLMAN CHANNEL NEAR 1ST STREET; FACING EAST .................................................. 42 FIGURE 11. 2021_08_05_SD.1-I, ISOLATED OBSIDIAN DEBITAGE ............................................................................ 43 FIGURE 12. 2021_08_28_DRM_1-I, GRANITIC MANO AND CHALCEDONY SCRAPER ............................................... 43 FIGURE 13. OVERVIEW OF FIRST WOOD PILE WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.1, FACING SOUTH ..................................... 44 FIGURE 14. OVERVIEW OF SECOND WOOD PILE WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.1, FACING NORTH ................................. 44 FIGURE 15. OVERVIEW OF CONCRETE PILE WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.1, FACING SOUTH ........................................ 45 FIGURE 16. METAL SCRAP WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.1. ............................................................................................ 45 FIGURE 18. OVERVIEW OF CERAMIC TILE IN 2021_08_06_SD.2 ............................................................................. 47 FIGURE 19. HISTORIC SODA FIRED CERAMIC PIPE SHERD ........................................................................................ 47 FIGURE 20. QUARTZ FLAKE WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.3 .......................................................................................... 47 FIGURE 21. PINK QUARTZITE TOOL WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.3 .............................................................................. 48 FIGURE 22. GREY QUARTZITE SCRAPER WITHIN 2021_08_06_SD.3 ....................................................................... 48 FIGURE 23. STP 1 AT 2021_08_05_SD.1/I POST-EXCAVATION, VIEW TO THE NORTH. NOTE DIMENSIONAL LUMBER AT BOTTOM OF STP. .................................................................................................................................... 50 FIGURE 24. STP 1B AT 2021_08_05_SD.1/I POST-EXCAVATION. NOTE DIMENSIONAL LUMBER AT BOTTOM OF STP. ............................................................................................................................................................................. 50 FIGURE 25. STP 2 AT 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I POST-EXCAVATION. ........................................................................... 51 FIGURE 26. TEU 1 AT 2021_08_06.SD.3 POST EXCAVATION AT 55 CENTIMETERS DEEP, VIEW TO THE NORTH. ... 53 FIGURE 27. STP 3 IN TEU 1 AT 2021_08_06.SD.3 POST EXCAVATION AT 152 CENTIMETERS DEEP, VIEW TO THE NORTH. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 53 FIGURE 28. LITHIC FLAKE (4) 1.4FROM TEU 1, 0 TO 10 CENTIMETERS BELOW SURFACE....................................... 53 FIGURE 29. POSSIBLE LITHIC FLAKES FROM TEU 1, 0 TO 10 CENTIMETERS BELOW SURFACE. .............................. 53 FIGURE 30. POSSIBLE LITHIC FLAKE FROM TEU 1, 16 TO 26 CENTIMETERS BELOW SURFACE. .............................. 54 FIGURE 31. POSSIBLE LITHIC FLAKE FROM TEU 1, 20 TO 30 CENTIMETERS BELOW SURFACE. .............................. 54 FIGURE 32. MONUMENT AT THE BALLONA DISCOVERY CENTER CREATED BY ROBERT DORAME ........................ 62 FIGURE 33. HEIDI LUCERO (ACJACHEMEN) AND FRANK MAGALLANES (TI’AT SOCIETY) PADDLING A TULE BOAT MADE DURING THE MOOMPETAM AMERICAN INDIAN FESTIVAL AT THE AQUARIUM OF THE PACIFIC, SEPTEMBER 24, 2018 IN THE CITY OF LONG BEACH RAINBOW HARBOR SURROUNDED BY PRIVATE BOATS. ............................. 65 FIGURE 34. RELATIONSHIPS TO RELATIVES (TORRES N.D.A) ................................................................................... 75 FIGURE 35. THE OTHER THREE RS (TORRES N.D.B). ................................................................................................ 76 FIGURE 36. PRAYER POLE DECORATED FOR SOLSTICE AT PUVUNGNA AT CSULB. ................................................ 78 FIGURE 37. DISCUSSIONS AT PUVUNGNA AT CSULB WITH TONGVA WALK PARTICIPANTS, JULY 20, 2019. .......... 79 FIGURE 38. REBURIAL AT PUVUNGNA AT CSULB IN 2016 (LEFT TO RIGHT) STEVE VILLA, CSU CHANCELLOR TIMOTHY WHITE, CSULB PRESIDENT JANE CLOSE CONOLEY, NAGPRA COORDINATOR CINDY ALVITRE, CSULB’S DIRECTOR OF AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES CRAIG STONE AND NAGPRA CHAIR LOUIS ROBLES JR. (DAILY 49’ER 2016). ................................................................................................................................................... 79 FIGURE 39. SIGN ALONG THE HELLMAN RANCH TRAIL. .......................................................................................... 81 FIGURE 40. OVERVIEW OF GATHERING PLACE CREATED ALONG THE TRAIL CONNECTING HERON POINT AND GUM GROVE PARK ..................................................................................................................................................... 81 19 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone vi FIGURE C - 1. TOPOGRAPHIC PROVINCES (AFTER LIGHTFOOT AND PARRISH 2009) ............................................ 130 FIGURE C - 2. GEOMORPHIC PROVINCES (AFTER LIGHTFOOT AND PARRISH 2009) ............................................. 131 FIGURE C - 3. GEOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN LCW PROJECT AREA ..................................................................... 132 FIGURE C - 4. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TIMELINE ................................................................................................. 133 FIGURE C - 5. GABRIELINO (TONGVA) TERRITORY (AFTER MCCAWLEY 1996) ................................................... 134 FIGURE C - 6. RESOURCES USED BY NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES BY ECOLOGICAL ZONES (BASED ON HEIZER AND ELSASSER 1980: FIGURE 32) .................................................................................................................................... 135 FIGURE C - 7. PACIFIC RIO GRANDE TRAILS LANDSCAPE (GATES ET AL. 2013: FIGURE 4) ................................ 136 FIGURE C - 8. JUANEÑO TERRITORY MAP (DATA COURTESY OF JUANEÑO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS, ACJACHEMEN NATION) ............................................................................................................................................ 137 FIGURE C - 9. LAND GRANT MAP ............................................................................................................................. 138 FIGURE C - 10. LOCATION OF VILLAGES WITHIN THE PUVUNGNA TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ......... 139 FIGURE C - 11. EXTENT OF PUVUNGNA TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ................................................... 140 FIGURE D - 1. 1927 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 142 FIGURE D - 2. 1928 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 143 FIGURE D - 3. 1938 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 144 FIGURE D - 4. 1952 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 145 FIGURE D - 5. 1962 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 146 FIGURE D - 6. 1965 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 147 FIGURE D - 7. 1974 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 148 FIGURE D - 8. 1994 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 149 FIGURE D - 9. 2001 USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (COURTESY OF UCSB: FRAMEFINDER) ............... 150 FIGURE G - 1. 1896 USGS DOWNEY TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (1:62,500) ..................................................................... 213 FIGURE G - 2. 1935 USGS LOS ALAMITOS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (1:31,680) ........................................................... 214 FIGURE G - 3. 1942 USGS DOWNEY TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (1:31,680) ..................................................................... 215 FIGURE L - 1. SURVEY COVERAGE AND RESULTS .................................................................................................. 234 FIGURE L - 2. SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2022 EXTENDED PHASE I TESTING LOCATIONS ......................................... 235 FIGURE M - 1. SOILS MAP ........................................................................................................................................ 237 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CULTURAL SEQUENCE (AFTER MASON AND PETERSON 2004) ........................ 11 TABLE 2. ADDITIONAL SOURCES CONSULTED .......................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 3. LAND PATENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 33 TABLE 4. TRIBES INVITED TO TAG ........................................................................................................................... 34 TABLE 5. TRIBAL MEMBERS INTERVIEWED .............................................................................................................. 36 TABLE 6. PLANNED EXCAVATION .............................................................................................................................. 48 TABLE 7. NATIVE AMERICAN MONITORING SCHEDULE ........................................................................................... 49 TABLE 8. SELECTED SALT MARSH PLANTS ................................................................................................................ 61 TABLE E – 1. P REVIOUS STUDIES WITHIN A O NE-MILE RADIUS OF THE LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS COMPLEX ................................................................................................................................................................................... 152 TABLE F – 1. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES WITHIN A 3-MILE RADIUS OF THE LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS COMPLEX .............................................................................................................................................. 165 20 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 1 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF STUDY This study was conducted to determine the potential impacts to cultural resources during the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project (Project) as well as to document the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape (PTCL; Figure 1). The Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority (LCWA) is the lead agency under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Figure 1. Project vicinity map co~tone PALIE0NT0L0GY •,.ltCH,'t,IE0LOGT •H15T0RT Long Beach n Pedrc 8 1 Pac fie ,c an Project Location So uth ern Los Cerrito s Wetlands Restoration City of Long B e ach Suns et Bea ch Lo s An ge les County, C A C ity of Sea l Beach Orange C ounty, C A II IJ Proje c t Area Anaheim ,,, 1 .. a z Orang e Santa Ana ,0 'IF. 0 N ewpor t B ea ch 0 2 .5 5 Ki lo meters I I I I I I 0 2 .5 I I I I I 1:300,000 I in = 5 mile s 21 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 2 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The Project, located on the border of Los Angeles and Orange counties ( Figure 2), affords the opportunity to restore salt marsh, seasonal wetlands, and other freshwater wetlands within an approximately 503-acre area. The Southern California Wetlands Recovery Project (WRP), a partnership of 17 state and federal agencies, has identified the acquisition and restoration of the Los Cerritos Wetlands as a high regional priority. The restored habitat will provide multiple benefits, including provision of critical habitat for listed species and other fish and wildlife, carbon sequestration, improved flood control, sea level rise resiliency, preservation of tribal cultural resources, and improved public access to open space. The Project area is located within the southern portion of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex which adjoins the lower reach of the San Gabriel River where, prior to channelization, the mouth of the San Gabriel River migrated back and forth across the coastal plain. Historically, the complex covered approximately 2,400 acres and stretched approximately two miles inland, varying from freshwater and brackish wetlands in its inland areas to salt marsh closer to the ocean. Channelization of the San Gabriel River began in the 1930s and cut off tidal action to much of the wetland area. The size of the historic wetlands has been reduced by agriculture, placement of fill and excavation of channels and basins for oil fields and landfill burn dumps, and urban development. There is ongoing oil production throughout the area and much of the remnant salt marsh is within a grid of dikes, berms, roadways, and levees. Other channels which service upstream power plants also bifurcate sections of the complex. Today, remnants of the historic wetlands occur in degraded patches, divided into the following four areas: North, Central, Isthmus, and South. Furthermore, the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex is significant to the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh1) and Acjachemen (Juaneño) tribes. Tribal representatives described the Los Cerritos Wetlands and its surroundings as sacred lands that encompass a larger area of connected tribal sites. The Los Cerritos Wetlands are located in between the villages of Puvungna and Motuucheyngna, and are thus considered by tribes to be part of a larger cultural landscape. This landscape will be identified as the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape in this study. Through the conceptual restoration planning process, the LCWA determined what opportunities exist for Los Cerritos Wetlands restoration, public access, and interpretation that will meet the needs of the agency, community, and stakeholders. This included identifying opportunities for restoring tidal connections, creation of new wetland and associated upland habitats, consolidation of oil operations, improvement to passive recreation facilities, creation of a 1 Since there is not an agreement on the general term to be used to identify the descendants of the original people who lived within the Los Angeles Basin, the term Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) will be used throughout this proposal to recognize each group’s right of self-identification and tribal sovereignty. 22 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 3 visitor’s center, and accommodation of special status species. This analysis culminated in the Los Cerritos Wetlands Conceptual Restoration Plan (CRP) that was adopted by the LCWA’s Governing Board in August 2015. The LCWA, as the lead agency, prepared then certified a Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR) in January 2021. This PEIR used the CRP designs to create a program description for a 503-acre program area. The potential impacts of this proposed program were analyzed, and mitigation measures were determined for potentially impacted resources. This program also included phasing for potential projects to eventually tier-off from the program. One of the near-term projects identified by the PEIR is located in the South Area on 105 acres identified as the South LCWA site (aka Hellman Ranch Lowlands) and the State Lands Commission site (together comprising the Project area), both managed by LCWA. This Project area was historically salt marsh but has been altered through anthropogenic activities. The site currently contains former sumps, landfills, foundations, and contaminated areas from prior oil operations and land uses. The Project is led by the LCWA, a joint powers authority (JPA) formed by the following four agencies: • San Gabriel and Lower Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy (RMC) • California State Coastal Conservancy (CSCC) • City of Long Beach • City of Seal Beach 23 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 4 Figure 2. Aerial map showing the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex and the South LCW restoration project area Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles Co unty, CA City of Sea l Beach Orange Co unty, CA II 11 Southern Project Arca □ Los Cerritos Wetlands Comp le x 0 1,000 I I 0 250 I I I I I 1 :20 ,000 2,000 Feet I I I N 500 Meters A I I 1 in = 1,667 ft 24 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 5 PROJECT PERSONNEL Cogstone Resource Management, Inc. (Cogstone) conducted pedestrian cultural resources and built environments surveys, a traditional cultural landscape study that included collecting and transcribing oral histories from tribal members, background research, and prepared this assessment report. Qualifications of key personnel are described below and short resumes are in Appendix A. • Desiree Martinez served as Project Manager, provided QA/QC and conducted oral history interviews with members of the Gabrielino (Tongva) community, wrote and conducted the evaluation of the cultural landscape study, and co-authored this report. Ms. Martinez is a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) and holds an M.A. in Anthropology from Harvard University and has more than 24 years of experience in California archaeology. • John Gust, RPA, served as the Task Manager and Principal Investigator for Archaeology for the Project, and co-authored this report. Dr. Gust has a Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of California (UC) Riverside, and over 10 years of experience in archaeology. • Shannon Lopez conducted the built environment assessment and evaluation, and co- authored this report. Ms. Lopez holds an M.A. from California State University (CSU), Fullerton and has more than three years of experience as an architectural historian. • Kim Scott prepared the geoarchaeological section of this report. Ms. Scott has an M.S. in Biology with paleontology emphasis from CSU San Bernardino, a B.S. in Geology with paleontology emphasis from University of California, Los Angeles, and over 25 years of experience in California paleontology and geology. • Logan Freeberg prepared the Geographic Information System (GIS) maps throughout this report. Mr. Freeberg has a B.A. in Anthropology from UC Santa Barbara and a GIS certification from CSU Fullerton and over 18 years of experience in California archaeology. 25 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 6 REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT CEQA states that: It is the policy of the state that public agencies should not approve projects as proposed if there are feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures available which would substantially lessen the significant environmental effects of such projects, and that the procedures required are intended to assist public agencies in systematically identifying both the significant effects of the proposed project and the feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures which will avoid or substantially lessen such significant effects. CEQA declares that it is state policy to: "take all action necessary to provide the people of this state with...historic environmental qualities." It further states that public or private projects financed or approved by the state are subject to environmental review by the state. All such projects, unless entitled to an exemption, may proceed only after this requirement has been satisfied. CEQA requires detailed studies that analyze the environmental effects of a proposed project. In the event that a project is determined to have a potential significant environmental effect, the act requires that alternative plans and mitigation measures be considered. TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES As of 2015, CEQA established that “[a] project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment” (Public Resources Code, § 21084.2). In order to be considered a “tribal cultural resource,” a resource must be either: (1) listed, or determined to be eligible for listing, on the national, state, or local register of historic resources, or (2) a resource that the lead agency chooses, in its discretion, to treat as a tribal cultural resource. To help determine whether a project may have such an effect, the lead agency must consult with any California Native American tribe that requests consultation and is traditionally and culturally affiliated with the geographic area of a proposed project. If a lead agency determines that a project may cause a substantial adverse change to tribal cultural resources, the lead agency must consider measures to mitigate that impact. Public Resources Code §20184.3 (b)(2) provides examples of mitigation measures that lead agencies may consider to avoid or minimize impacts to tribal cultural resources. 26 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 7 PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE Section 5097.5: No person shall knowingly and willfully excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure or deface any historic or prehistoric ruins, burial grounds, archaeological or vertebrate paleontological site, including fossilized footprints, inscriptions made by human agency, or any other archaeological, paleontological or historical feature, situated on public lands (lands under state, county, city, district or public authority jurisdiction, or the jurisdiction of a public corporation), except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over such lands. Violation of this section is a misdemeanor. As used in this section, "public lands" means lands owned by, or under the jurisdiction of, the state, or any city, county, district, authority, or public corporation, or any agency thereof. CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES The California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) is a listing of all properties considered to be significant historical resources in the state. The California Register includes all properties listed or determined eligible for listing on the National Register, including properties evaluated under Section 106, and State Historical Landmarks No. 770 and above. The California Register statute specifically provides that historical resources listed, determined eligible for listing on the California Register by the State Historical Resources Commission, or resources that meet the California Register criteria are resources which must be given consideration under CEQA (see above). Other resources, such as resources listed on local registers of historic resources or in local surveys, may be listed if they are determined by the State Historic Resources Commission to be significant in accordance with criteria and procedures to be adopted by the Commission and are nominated; their listing in the California Register is not automatic. Resources eligible for listing include buildings, sites, structures, objects, or historic districts that retain historical integrity and are historically significant at the local, state or national level under one or more of the following four criteria: 1) It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States; 2) It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history; 3) It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values; or 4) It has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation. In addition to having significance, resources must have integrity for the period of significance. The period of significance is the date or span of time within which significant events transpired, 27 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 8 or significant individuals made their important contributions. Integrity is the authenticity of a historical resource’s physical identity as evidenced by the survival of characteristics or historic fabric that existed during the resource’s period of significance. Alterations to a resource or changes in its use over time may have historical, cultural, or architectural significance. Simply, resources must retain enough of their historic character or appearance to be recognizable as historical resources and to convey the reasons for their significance. A resource that has lost its historic character or appearance may still have sufficient integrity for the California Register, if, under Criterion 4, it maintains the potential to yield significant scientific or historical information or specific data. NATIVE AMERICAN HUMAN REMAINS Sites that may contain human remains important to Native Americans must be identified and treated in a sensitive manner, consistent with state law (i.e., Health and Safety Code §7050.5 and Public Resources Code §5097.98), as reviewed below: In the event that human remains are encountered during project development and in accordance with the Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5, the County Coroner must be notified if potentially human bone is discovered. The Coroner will then determine within two working days of being notified if the remains are subject to his or her authority. If the Coroner recognizes the remains to be Native American, he or she shall contact the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) by phone within 24 hours, in accordance with Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The NAHC will then designate a Most Likely Descendant (MLD) with respect to the human remains. The MLD then has the opportunity to recommend to the property owner or the person responsible for the excavation work means for treating or disposing, with appropriate dignity, the human remains and associated grave goods. CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, TITLE 14, SECTION 4307 This section states that “No person shall remove, injure, deface or destroy any object of paleontological, archeological or historical interest or value.” MITIGATION MEASURES In addition to California State laws and codes, this Project is governed by Mitigation Measures developed for the Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Plan Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR). Mitigation Measures can be found in Appendix B. 28 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 9 BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex area is located in the Peninsular Ranges topographic province (Appendix C, Figure C - 1). The Peninsular Ranges extends from Mount San Jacinto in the north, through the tip of Baja, Mexico in the south. Subparallel to these ranges on the east is the San Andreas Fault Zone. The northwestwards motion of the Pacific Plate has created these ranges and their corresponding valleys. The topographic variations across California, created by plate tectonics, resulted in California Native populations having access to different ecosystems, fertile valleys, mountains and hills (Lightfoot and Parrish 2009:52). The current Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex is a remnant of a once much larger tidal estuary system that sits at the mouth of the San Gabriel River (Coastal Restoration Consultants 2021:5). The greater area has long been hydrologically dynamic. For example, the Santa Ana River which is channelized at its mouth now flows into the Pacific Ocean in Huntington Beach but “composite of early historic maps of the Orange County region shows that the Santa Ana drainage has migrated within an area measuring approximately seventeen miles along the coastline. During various points in time, the river fed (from north to south): Alamitos Bay, Anaheim Bay, Bolsa Bay, Santa Ana Marsh, and Newport Bay” (WPA 1936 in Wiley 2012). Further, California has been recognized as full of diversity based on its plants, animals and landscapes which in turn has affected human occupation and settlement through time. Based on this diversity, the California Geological Survey has divided the state into 12 geomorphic provinces. The Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex area is located within the South Coast Province (Appendix C, Figure C - 2; Lightfoot and Parrish 2009:61; Schoenherr 2017:1). The Southern LCW Project area “contains multiple former sumps, landfills, and contaminated areas from prior oil operations, and is currently owned and maintained by the LCWA. Some areas of tidal southern coastal salt marsh still persist on the site, but other areas were converted by previous land owners from coastal salt marsh habitat to primarily ruderal uplands with no tidal connections. Former access roads still bisect the site…” (ESA 2020). GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Southern LCW Project area lies in the broad coastal plain of Los Angeles and Orange counties, California, named the Tustin Plain. The Tustin Plain is bounded by the Santa Ana 29 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 10 Mountains to the east, the Puente and Coyote Hills to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the San Joaquin Hills to the south. Orange County is part of the coastal section of the Peninsular Range Geomorphic Province, which is characterized by elongated northwest-trending mountain ridges separated by sediment-floored valleys. Faults branching off from the San Andreas Fault to the east create the local mountains and hills. STRATIGRAPHY The Southern LCW Project area is mapped as middle to late Pleistocene old marine to nonmarine deposits and modern artificial fill (Appendix C, Figure C - 3; Saucedo et al. 2016). Old marine to non-marine deposits, middle to late Pleistocene (Qom) These middle to late Pleistocene (500,000 to 11,700 years old), interfingering near shore marine and non-marine sediments were deposited along the ancient coast. Beach, estuarine, and reddish-brown alluvial deposits of clays to conglomerates are now frequently present as wave cut platforms brought to the surface by uplift (Saucedo et al. 2016). Artificial fill, modern (af) Modern artificial fill from dredging activities is less than 200 years old. These sediments will not contain scientifically significant fossils or artifacts if any are present. Only large areas of fill are typically mapped (Saucedo et al. 2016). CULTURAL SETTING Based on linguistic, ethnographic, and archaeological cultural affiliation, the Project Area has been occupied by the Gabrielino/Gabrieleño/Tongva/Kizh (McCawley 2002; Strudwick et al. 2007) and Juaneño (Acjachemen) since prior to the arrival of the Spanish and continuing to the present. The following summarizes the prehistoric setting, historic setting, and ethnography. PRE-CONTACT HISTORY Several Southern California regional syntheses exist (Appendix C, Figure C - 4), however this study will use the cultural sequence developed by Mason and Peterson (2004) since it was developed locally using many dated sites (N=37) and over 300 radiocarbon dates (see Table 1) 30 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 11 Table 1. Southern California Cultural Sequence (after Mason and Peterson 2004) Period Years Before Present Calendar Years (AD/BC) Mission 181-116 AD 1769-1834 Late Prehistoric 2 650-200 AD 1300-1750 Late Prehistoric 1 1350-650 AD 600-1300 Intermediate 3000-1350 1050 BC-AD 600 Milling Stone 3 4650-3000 2700-1050 BC Milling Stone 2 5800-4650 3850-2700 BC Milling Stone 1 8000-5800 6050-3850 BC Paleo-Coastal Prior to 8000 Prior to 6050 BC PALEOCOASTAL (PALEOINDIAN) PERIOD (PRIOR TO 6050 BC / 8000 BP) The search for the earliest Paleo-Coastal communities has been predicated on the “Ice Free Corridor” theory; that at the end of the Pleistocene (~11,700 years Before Present [BP]) people from northeast Asia crossed Beringia and entered the western United States through a gap between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets; after which they moved to settle the coasts. Paleontological, geological and pollen analyses, however, has shown that the so-called “Ice Free Corridor” was not a viable migration option from 30,000 to 11,500 years ago (Mandryk et al. 2001). Additionally, with the increase in the number of accepted sites dated prior to 11,700 BP (e.g., Monte Verde, Chile at 14,800 BP) including several Coastal California Channel Island sites (e.g., Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island at 13,000 cal BP and Daisy Cave on San Miguel Island at 12,000 cal BP), new models for the settlement of the New World had to be considered (Erlandson et al. 1996; Johnson et al. 2002). Paleo-Coastal subsistence patterns have predominantly been described as dependent on the hunting of megafauna as represented by large Clovis-like points in the archaeological record. However, this pattern has not been convincingly identified in coastal California (Erlandson et al. 2007:56). Instead at early sites such as Daisy Cave, there is evidence of much more diverse subsistence patterns, particularly the use of a variety of marine habitats. As an alternative to the “Ice Free Corridor” theory and considering the cultural material seen at early Channel Islands sites, Erlandson et al. (2007) argue that the earliest New World settlers followed the productive kelp forest habitats that exist along the Pacific Rim. This “kelp highway” allowed settlers to use near shore marine resources, such as large red abalones (Haliotis rufescens), black turban snails (Tegula funebralis), sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus spp.), pinnipeds, sea otter, and California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) while portions of North America were covered by ice sheets. In addition to near-shore marine ecofacts found at early Channel Island sites, Paleocoastal artifacts include small stemmed Channel Island Barbed points, chipped stone crescents (proposed 31 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 12 to be used for bird hunting), fish gorges and evidence of boat technology (Erlandson et al. 2011). There is also evidence, based on the discovery of spire lopped Callianax biplicata beads dating to 9000 to 7000 cal BC of inter-regional trade with the Great Basin (Fitzgerald et al. 2005). The earliest evidence of the settlement of the Southern Channel Islands comes from Eel Point (SCLI-43) on San Clemente Island around 6500 to 6000 cal BC, straddling the Paleo- Coastal/Milling Stone Period 1 boundary. Based on its distance from the mainland (77 kilometers), and the fact that it was never connected to the mainland, it can be assumed that seaworthy vessels were used, although no remnants of such vessels have been found to date (Cassidy et al. 2004; Yatsko 2000). Other evidence for the presence of seaworthy vessels on San Clemente Island includes a woodworking tool kit that is consistent with tools used to build watercraft historically (Rondeau et al. 2007). Eel Point also shows a marine subsistence pattern that is focused on hunting seals, sea lions, and dolphins as well as the collection of seashells (Porcasi and Fujita 2000). The earliest evidence of the occupation of San Nicolas Island occurred approximately 6555 BC (8505 BP) at CA-SNI-339 (Schwartz and Martz 1992). Earlier sites may have been lost due to rising sea levels after 10,000 BP (Martz 1994). Other sites show that the San Nicolas Islanders hunted sea mammals, near-shore fish such as perch, and a variety of shellfish (Bleitz-Sanburg 1987). Milling Stone Period (6050-1050 BC / 8000-3000 BP) Mason and Peterson divide the Milling Stone Period into three subdivisions: Milling Stone 1 (8000-5800 BP), Milling Stone 2 (5800-4650 BP), and Milling Stone 3 (4650-3000 BP). The climate at the beginning of Milling Stone Period 1 was warmer and drier than today with freezing winters rare near the coast. However, toward the end of the Milling Stone Period 1, the climate started to cool and stabilize to a climate similar to today’s weather (King 2001). Also, during the Milling Stone Period there is evidence of trade between the Great Basin and other areas of California. Coso Mountain obsidian artifacts have been found at archaeological sites in southern California while shell beads, particularly Olivella Grooved Rectangle beads, have been found as far away as Oregon and Nevada (King 2001; Raab and Howard 2002; Vellanoweth 1995, 2001). Vellanoweth (2001) argues that Olivella Grooved Rectangle beads may be used as an ethnic marker for Uto-Aztecan speaking peoples like the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) since they were not made in Chumash territory to the north. At 5000 BP on the southern California mainland, there was an increase in the quantity of ground stone tools (e.g., manos, metates, mortars, pestles) suggesting an intensification of the use of plant and marine resources, particularly seeds and shellfish (Arnold et al. 2004). Toward the end of the Milling Stone Period, the use of manos and metates subsided while the number of mortars and pestles grew. This switch may indicate that acorns started to make up a larger portion of the diet. 32 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 13 The presence of pottery within Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) territory prior to contact has been argued to be the result of trade or exchanges with those Native American communities that made pottery, i.e., the southwest or Colorado River Tribes. However, some archaeologists argue that they have identified fired hand shaped ceramic pieces using local materials. Nineteen irregular hand shaped and fired ceramic pieces from Little Harbor on Santa Catalina Island were dated to around 5000 years old (Porcasi 1998). Porcasi argues that these ceramic pieces are like those found at the Irvine site (CA-ORA-64) in Orange County and suggests they are evidence of a broad interaction sphere linking the southern Channel Islands with the desert interior. Boxt and Dillon (2013) argue that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) living at CA-LAN-2630, located on the campus of California State University, Long Beach, made ceramics prior to the post-Contact era from locally derived clays. Intermediate Period (1050 BC-AD 600 / 3000-1350 BP) During the Intermediate Period, the climate became warmer and drier, with lower rainfall, than the Milling Stone Period. The sea level rise slowed with surface temperatures lower than before; although paleoclimate data suggests that between circa (ca.) 3000 and 1700 BP, there was a period of heavier rainfall Early in the Intermediate Period, mortars and pestles replace milling stones and hand stones in artifact assemblages, which may signal a shift from the use of grass and hard seeds to acorn exploitation. During this time, there was an increase in the utilization of nearshore fish, sea mammal resources, and deep-water resources on the islands (Glassow 1980; King 2001, 2014; Tartaglia 1976). There was increased sedentism in the Intermediate Period, with villages being permanent or semi-permanent. Population growth resulted in intensive resource collection leading to the decline of local resources and the need to collect higher-cost resources. This is evident at Eel Point, where there is a focus on lower-ranked resources such as fish and small shellfish as is evident (Byrd and Raab 2007:223). The active management of terrestrial resources became evident on the mainland during this time, with intentionally set fires and intensive horticulture practices such as pruning, sowing, planting, and irrigation being used to increase the productivity of trees and plants (Arnold et al. 2004). This may have also occurred on the islands as well. Burial practices included flexed inhumations with large slate slabs or metates located on top of or near the head of the individual (Gamble and King 1997). Late Prehistoric period (AD 600-1750 / 1350-200 BP) Mason and Peterson divide the Late Prehistoric Period into two subdivisions: Late Prehistoric 1, 1350-650BP (AD 600-1300) and Late Prehistoric 2, 650-200 BP (AD 1300-1750). It is during the Late Prehistoric Period that the cultural manifestations observed in the ethnohistoric period begin to emerge. By AD 500, there is a change in the cultural manifestations seen in the archaeological record within Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) territory. This includes a change in interment practices from burial to cremation, dog burials, as well as a switch from z- twining to s-twining in basketry (Sutton 2009; Rozaire 1967). These features are considered the markers signaling the migration of Takic-speaking people from the desert to the coast, pushing 33 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 14 the Chumash to the north and the Yuman-speaking Kumeyaay people to the south. See the Ethnography section below for a description of the Takic language group which includes the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) language. Known as the “Shoshonean intrusion” (or Shoshonean Wedge) theory, it is argued that the Takic groups settled along the coast and immediately “got with the program” and imitated the cultural practices and adaptions used by the previous Hokan-speaking populations they supposedly displaced (Kowta 1969; Koerper 1979; Kroeber 1925; Moratto 1984:560; Sutton 2009). The Late Prehistoric Period saw the emergence of complex social organization with ascribed status evinced by the presence of abundant grave goods in child burials (King 1982; Martz 1984). Starting at AD 800, there is evidence of the exchange of Santa Catalina Island soapstone vessels to the mainland (e.g., Malaga Cove) with craft specialization intensifying at the end of the period (Howard 2002). There has been considerable debate regarding to what extent climate change contributed to the development of complex societies in Southern California, including the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) (Arnold 1992; Gamble 2005; Kennett and Kennett 2000; Koerper et al. 2002; Raab et al. 1995; Raab and Larson 1997). What is known is that new fishing strategies begin to be utilized by AD 500. These new practices include the development and use of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) ti’at, (tomool in Chumash), the sewn plank canoe (Arnold and Bernard 2005), and a new fishing kit which includes circular shell fishhooks manufactured from single pieces of abalone (Haliotis spp.), California mussel (Mytilus californianus), and Norris' top shell (Norrisia norrisi) (Strudwick 1986). Such a fishing kit was found at the Nursery site on San Clemente, consisting of a seagrass bag containing fishing tackle such as lithic drills, abraders, rib net-spacers, a bone knife and barbs, pry bars, abalone fishhooks and hook blanks, a steatite whale effigy, and serpentine sinkers (Bleitz and Salls 1993). Coupled together, these tools were used to obtain deep sea fish such as the broadbill swordfish, striped marlin, albacore, yellowfin tuna, bluefin tuna, blue shark, and shortfin mako (Arnold and Bernard 2005). Also, by AD 500–600 BC, the bow and arrow comes into the area and as a result, projectile points get smaller, although large points are still evident on the Channel Islands due to the continued used of spears on large marine mammals (Arnold and Bernard 2005). Mission Period (AD 1769-1834) Historic archaeologists identify the beginning of the Mission Period with the establishment of the first Spanish Mission in San Diego in 1769 and the settlement of Alta California by the Spanish. Even though Vizcaino had explored the Pacific coast in 1602, the Spanish did not immediately settle Alta California. Beginning in 1566, Spanish galleons from Manila, Philippines brought Asian goods to Acapulco, Mexico. During these long and arduous voyages, ships lacked substantial food resources resulting in the death of crew members and eventual loss of ships (Corle 1949:37). To ensure a safe return, the Spanish government decided that ports needed to be 34 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 15 built in Alta California in order to re-supply the ships with fresh meat, fruits and vegetables (Corle 1949:32; James 1913:14). Additionally in 1767, Marques de Grimaldi, the Minister of State, told Jose de Gálvez, the Visitor-General of Mexico, that the Russians and French were encroaching on its Alta California territory (Archibald 1978:1; James 1913:14). As a result, King Carlos II of Spain gave the order to “occupy and fortify San Diego and Monterey for God and the King of Spain” to fight foreign claims to Spanish land (James 1913:16). In 1769, Gaspar de Portolá led one of three groups to Alta California to establish Spanish settlements, or presidios, at San Diego and Monterey Bay (McCawley 1996:188). Accompanying Portolá was Junípero Serra and other Franciscan priests who sought to establish missions to convert the Native Americans they encountered. They established several missions, sustained by Indian labor, that supplied the presidios with subsistence goods. Another factor that changed trade relations in southern California during the Mission period was the missions’ policy of ‘reducción’ (Webb 1983). The reduction of the Indian population in its initial settlement caused the fathers to look for more converts. The stability of the mission relied on the Indian population to make cloth, to cook, and to farm. As the population grew sparse, the fathers traveled further, past the mission lands, to gather new Indians to live in the missions and carry on the work. ETHNOGRAPHY The following section will provide an overview of the cultural patterns as recorded for the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and the Juaneño (Acjachemen). Although several anthropologists and ethnologists have collected information regarding the cultural practices, village location, and language of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is not as extensive as it is for other southern California Tribes. These collections were recovered under a “salvage ethnography” paradigm, predicated on the notion that the Tribes would soon vanish, and it was imperative to collect as much information about pre-Columbian Native languages and lifeways as possible for future study. Thus, scholars looked for Tribal members who had knowledge of, and still practiced, the uncorrupted tribal lifeways. However, Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) communities and other California Tribes had been so decimated by years of colonial mission control, many who survived had been successfully converted into a Spanish/Mexican peasant labor force that spoke Spanish and practiced Catholicism. Scholars disregarded Tribal members that did not fit their preconceived notions of who a “pure” Indian was (Martinez 2010:216). As a result, there is a big hole in the ethnographic record on the use of the Los Cerritos Wetlands area as Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Juaneño (Acjachemen) community members who had that knowledge may have been overlooked. 35 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 16 GABRIELINO (GABRIELEÑO; TONGVA; KIZH) Territory As stated earlier, the study area is located within Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) territory (Appendix C, Figure C - 5). Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) Traditional Territory included large portions of Los Angeles County, the northern part of Orange County, small sections of Riverside and San Bernardino counties as well as the four southern Channel Islands of Pimu (Santa Catalina), Santa Barbara, Kiinkepar (San Clemente), and Haraasgna (San Nicolas). Their territory encompassed a number of ecological zones which affected their subsistence and settlement patterns. The Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) would supplement the resources gathered near them with resources from other ecological zones by obtaining them either directly or through trade (Bean and Smith 1978). Various scholars have divided these ecological zones differently. McCawley divides southern California into the Interior Mountains and Foothills, Valleys and Prairies, Exposed Coast, Sheltered Coast, and the Southern Channel Islands zones (McCawley 1996). The Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex is located in the Exposed Coast ecological zone. The resources available in this ecological zone include shellfish, rays, sharks, and fish. On the other hand, Heizer and Elasser (1980; Appendix C, Figure C - 6) place the study area within their Foothill Ecological Culture Type and identify the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) as Foothill Hunters and Gatherers, Coastal Tidelands Collectors, Coastal Sea Hunters-Fishers, and Valley and Plains Gatherers. Appendix C, Figure C - 6 lists the resources that would have been available to the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) in those ecological cultural types. Origins Much of the southern California archaeological literature argues that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) moved into southern California from the Great Basin around 4,000 BP, ‘wedging’ themselves between the Hokan-speaking Chumash, located to the north, and the Yuman- speaking Kumeyaay, located to the south (see Sutton 2009 for the latest discussion). This Shoshonean Wedge, or Shoshonean ‘intrusion’ theory, is counter to the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) community’s knowledge about their history and origins. Oral tradition states that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) have always lived in their traditional territory, with their emergence into this world occurring at Puvungna, located in Long Beach (Martinez and Teeter 2015:26). Language The Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) language is classified as part of the Uto-Aztecan language family, under the Takic branch. It is now generally accepted that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) language is a stand-alone Takic language, distinct from the Cupan sub-group (Mithun 1999:539). Several Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) words lists, 36 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 17 descriptions of lifeways, and songs have been collected by ethnographers from various Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) community members over the years: Hale (1846), Loew (1876), Reid (1852[1968]), Merriam (1907), and Harrington (1917-1930s). Settlement Patterns Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) life centered on the village; composed of paternally related extended families, lineages, and/or clans, typically numbering 50-100 people. Houses, called kiiy in Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh), were domed and circular with frames made from willow posts (or whale rib bones on the islands and along the coastline) covered with tule reed mats. Coastal kiiys had entryways that opened towards the sea with mats covering them. A large kiiy could hold up to three or four families and was perhaps 60 feet in diameter. Smaller homes were as little as 12 feet in diameter. Wind screens were usually adjacent to the kiiy and were used as open-air kitchens during fair weather. Large acorn granary baskets, sometimes coated with asphaltum and seated upon posted platforms, were also placed near the kiiys. In addition to the habitation structures described above, other village structures included sweathouses, which were small semi-circular, semi-subterranean earth-covered buildings located near water to provide access for bathing, menstrual huts, and ceremonial open-aired enclosures, yoyovars, were located near chiefs’ houses and near the center of villages. In addition to the permanent villages, the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) occupied temporary seasonal campsites that were used for a variety of activities such as hunting, fishing, and gathering plants (McCawley 1996:25). Hunting was primarily for rabbit and deer, while plant collection included acorns, buckwheat, chia, berries, and fruits. Coastal seasonal camps and camps near bays and estuaries were used to gather shellfish and hunt waterfowl (Hudson 1971). Leadership Each village had a Tomyaar, a leader whose position was typically inherited paternally, who regulated the village’s religious and secular life. Each lineage had a leader that participated in the Council of Elders which in turn advised the Tomyaar. Through study of the personal names recorded in mission records and ethnohistorical information from other Southern California communities, King and Parsons (2014a:8-10) have identified a number Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) leadership roles that were not previously recognized. King and Parsons identified the title Chari as belonging to the town or settlement chief. The Nu was the bundle keeper, the person who protected sacred items that were bundled together, and the Paha (ceremonial assistant) was in charge of ceremonial preparation, including notifying people of the ceremony, carrying shell money between groups, and dividing money and food during ceremonies (Strong 1972:96). The Nu worked with the Kika, the household chief. The singer, Eacuc, was also known as a knowledge keeper. 37 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 18 Another important role in Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) society was the medicine person, known as a shaman in the anthropological literature. They were the doctors, therapists, philosophers, and intellectuals of the villages. Some Tomyaars were also influential medicine people in their own right (Kroeber 1925; Johnson 1962; Bean and Smith 1978; McCawley 1996). Both clans and villages were exogamous and patrilocal (Reid 1852). Villages were autonomous but came together seasonally for harvests and other cooperative activities including ceremonies. Ceremonial Life and Beliefs Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) life was also organized around the celebration and observance of various rituals and ceremonies. These included rites of passage, village rites, seasonal ceremonies, and participation in the widespread Chingichngish religion (various spellings; Kroeber 1925; McCawley 1996). Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) concept of afterlife and burial practices came from Chingichngish’s instructions to the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh). Upon death, it was believed that the heart of the person did not die, but was transported to Shiishonga, the land of the dead, located beyond Santa Catalina Island. If the deceased was a tomyaar or medicine person, they could reach Tokuupar or “heaven” or “sky” through the enactment of the proper rituals. For three days the community mourned, and the body was wrapped in a hide blanket or mat made of seagrass. After the mourning period, the body was carried to the village burial area. Mainland Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) tended to conduct cremations, while the Island Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) adhered to flexed inhumation burial practice. The hands were placed across the breast, and the entire body was bound. For those villages practicing cremation, the remains were either interred or disposed of to the east of the village. Grave offerings included seeds, otter skins, baskets, soapstone pots, bone and shell implements, and shell beads. The amount of grave goods reflected the person’s status. If the person held a leadership position, an item designating their office might also be placed with their body. Some interments featured dog burials placed above the corpse. The Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) saw the worlds of the living and the dead to be parallel places; therefore, the items buried or burned with the deceased were intended to accompany that person into the afterworld where their status would be recognized by the items that accompanied them. Graves were marked by baskets or rock slabs made of sandstone or slate. On San Nicholas Island, stone slabs decorated with ashpaltum would sometimes also be buried with the body. The living mourned for a year; the mourning period ended at the annual mourning ceremony conducted for all of those who had died in the past year (Bean and Smith 1978:545–546; McCawley 1996:155–158.) 38 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 19 Trade and Exchange Routes The Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) played an important role in the various trade routes that extended throughout the western United States. In the seminal study Power and Persistence, Bean et al. (1978) discussed the Pacific Ocean-Great Plains trade system and demonstrated that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh), Cahuilla, Panya (Halchidoma), Northern Pima and O’odham (Kohatk) were trade partners. The Santa Catalina Island Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) were the western anchor of the trade route with steatite items moving across the ocean via ti’ats, the mainland foot trails through the San Gorgonio Pass and into to Cahuilla territory. Today’s Interstate 10 freeway follows that trail (Bean et al. 1978:5-1). In addition to steatite from Santa Catalina Island, other trade items from Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) territory included abalone shell, olivella beads, asphaltum, sea otter pelts and salt (Figure 3; Dobyns 1984). Food such as dried fish, marine mammal meat and acorns were also traded (Meighan 1959:391; Rosen 1980:27; McCawley 1996:79, 2002:47). In return the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) received obsidian, furs, ceramic vessels, buckskins and other items. Figure 3. Commodities Traded from Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) Territory to/from the Kohatk (O’odham) on the Gila River (from Bean et al. 1978) Commodity Ga-C2 -Pan -Gila Kohatk brie -hui--ya River lino lla · Pima Steatite -__ .., --C-- Abalone Shell ----. --C-- Olivella Beads -'.""-.. --C ➔ --C-- Dried Fish ----.,. Dried Wil d Mutton --C--•---- Dried Venison --C--•---- Sea Otter Pelts ---~ --C- Sale 4!.i -----C--IL-- -ii Asphalcum --------., --c- Acorns --C -'> ,,,_ -·• --c---C-- Wild Gourd Seeds --C-- Seeds c--•---C--e---- Buckskins C--C--~---- Deer Tallow C--,C---~-c-.i-C-- Obsidian c-- Furs c-- Reci Paine c----c ... --C Yellow Ochre c-- Mai~e C-·- Squash C-- Gourds C-- Tu rquois e C-- Stone A.,es C--.s.--- Saguaro Syrup C-? <-?--•-C-•-C--ci.-C -- Ce ramic Vessels C-? <-?--<-?--~-c--•-C-- Beans --C-""" --C Pumpkins --C-a. --C Melons --C-;, --C Co tton Fiber --C-• --C 39 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 20 Gates et al. (2013) connects Tongva territory to the Pacific to Rio Grande Trails Landscape that includes three major travel corridors from/to the Southern California coast (Appendix C, Figure C - 7). The trade route closest to the study area is the route that follows the US Interstate 10 freeway. Village Use Areas and Locations Based on research conducted on Santa Catalina Island and the mainland, the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) community recognizes that in addition to the area used for habitation, i.e., houses and cooking areas, there are several other areas used outside the habitation area that are still considered part of the village (Posadas et al. 2011). These village use areas include short term camp sites, subsistence sites (e.g., hunting, gathering, fishing), sweat and ceremonial houses, quarries, tool production areas (e.g., lithic reduction), sacred sites, burial sites/cemeteries, and rites of passage areas (McCawley 1996:25). These village use areas are usually within 3-5 miles of the main habitation area. As a result, for the traditional cultural landscape study detailed later in this report, a review of archaeological sites within 3 miles of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex was completed to identify these associated village use areas. There are two villages that lie within three miles of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex. Puvungna, located to the north, was, and continues to be, an important ceremonial center (in Tongva puvu = big ball of people, ngna = place of) for the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Juaneño (Acjachemen). Portions of the National Register for Historic Places (NRHP)- listed Puvungna Indian Villages lay on the campuses of California State University, Long Beach, the Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System (VALBHS), and Rancho Los Alamitos Historic Ranch and Gardens. Motuucheyngna village has been identified on a portion of the former Hellman Ranch property, to the east and outside the Southern LCW Project area. Motuucheyngna was reported to mean flea (Harrington 1917-1930: R104 F24). More detailed information on these two villages is located in the Traditional Cultural Landscape section. The Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) Community Today Even with the devastating effects of disease, colonization, forced labor, and other genocidal activities perpetrated against them, 2,493 people in California (2,903 nationwide) identified themselves as Gabrielino on the 2010 United States Census; a testament to their survival (United States Census 2013a and 2013b). There are currently seven different Tribess or and Tribal organizations that some community members belong to: the Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians - Kizh Nation, the Gabrielino-Tongva Indians of California Tribal Council, the Gabrielino Tongva Nation, the Gabrielino/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians, the Gabrielino- Tongva Tribe, the Gabrielino-Shoshone Nation and the Ti'at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu. , although some Gabrielino people choose not to belong to any group. None of the groups are recognized by the United States federal government; however, five groups have filed letters of intent with the Office of Federal Acknowledgement (Office of Federal Acknowledgement 40 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 21 2013). In 1994, the California State Assembly and Senate jointly recognized the San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians’ territory as encompassing the entire Los Angeles Basin area and the Channel Islands of Santa Catalina, San Nicholas, San Clemente, and Santa Barbara from Topanga in the west, to Laguna in the south, and to the base of the San Bernardino Mountains in the east (Resolution Chapter 146, Statutes of 1994 Assembly Joint Resolution 96). Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) community members continue to fight against the misconception that they are extinct (Martinez et al. 2014; Teeter and Martinez 2009). To combat these uninformed notions, Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) community members work with various public entities and private philanthropic groups to educate the public about the deep history of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) within the Los Angeles area and their continued existence within a thriving metropolis. Additionally, community members are working with linguists to revitalize the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) language (Marquez 2014). 41 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 22 Figure 4. A portion of the 1937/1938 Kirkman-Harriman Pictorial and Historical Map of Los Angeles County showing the County as it existed in 1860 with the Project area overlain p A..CIFfC I~.?.,~,:~~~ I So uthern Los Cerritos Wet lands Restoratio n City of Lo ng Beach Lo s Angeles County, CA 11 11 Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex City of Sea l Beach Orange County, CA 0 0 2.5 I I I I I :200 ,000 2 .5 5 Miles I I I I N 5 Kilometers A I I I I in = 16 ,6 67 tl 42 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 23 JUANEÑO (ACJACHEMEN)2 Territory The Project area is within the traditional homeland of the Juaneño (Acjachemen) (Appendix C, Figure C - 8). The Acjachemen speak a language that is part of the Takic language family. The concept of territory is a complex one that carries distinct meanings within native people’s perceptions, and for archeologists and researchers working within the European scholarship tradition. The European tradition favors a view of territory derived from clearly delineated boundaries and surveyed and fenced property lines. A traditional native view of territory is generally broader and more dynamic, accounting for various ways land has been used by many people, or simultaneously by different groups of people. With that in mind, the Acjachemen territory spans from coastal Long Beach to the north, Camp Pendleton to the south and includes all of Orange County as well as parts of western Riverside County (see Appendix C, Figure C - 8). At the arrival of the Euroamericans (1769) in California, the Acjachemen were living primarily in what we now know as Orange County, but their aboriginal territory extended as far south as San Onofre Creek in San Diego County and east to the ridge of the Santa Ana Mountains in Riverside County, an area of about 600 square miles in size. The Acjachemen believe that their ancestors have lived here from the beginning of time. Debate and controversy continually surround the gap between scientific theory and Acjachemen beliefs surrounding the time frame when the Acjachemen first inhabited the area. The population of the Acjachemen tribe in 1769 has been estimated at about 4,000 people. The ancestors shared boundaries with four other tribes: the Gabrielino [Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh] to the north, the Serrano and Luiseno to the east and south, and the Kumeyaay to the south. The Acjachemen territory and even particular properties, such as mountains and rivers, are recorded in their memories, from traditional migration and creation stories that were told and retold, and songs that have been sung and danced for generations. Such features as special rocks, oak groves, fishing places, mountain ranges and places from where one can see the sun rise and set form a mental image, or map, of their homeland that combines history and geography into a whole body of traditional cultural knowledge. Community Life The Acjachemen depended upon gathering, hunting and fishing. Their lives centered on their permanent villages, with ready access to their specific hunting, fishing and collecting areas where they might stay for part of a season. Some of these areas were quite close by, but others were a day or more of travel from their villages. Individual families would travel inland or to the seashore at certain times of the year and set up temporary camps for a few days or weeks. When they returned to their village, they would carry baskets filled with the food they had collected. Houses were typically conical in shape and thatched with locally available plant materials. The 2 The Juaneño (Acjachemen) ethnographic section was contributed by Joyce Perry, Tribal Manager and Cultural Resource Director for the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation. 43 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 24 principal house, or kiicha, belonged to the chief. It was usually the largest because he was apt to have a large family. Frequently, the chief had more than one wife, and relatives living nearby. Work areas were often shaded by rectangular brush-covered roofs (ramada). Each village had a ceremonial structure in the center called a wamkish enclosed by a circular fence where all religious activities were performed (Bean and Shipek 1978:553). While the Acjachemen were not a nomadic people, if there was a serious drought, or their population grew too rapidly, they would sometimes relocate their village to another location. Archeological and ethnographic evidence clearly supports such movements. The Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton Ethnographic Study, prepared by David Earle in 2020 references Boscana’s recounting of an ancestral migration story of the Acjachemen. “A chief named Oyaison had been chief of a village at Los Nietos Valley..had migrated with his eldest daughter, Corrone, to the vicinity of San Juan Capistrano…The people that migrated under chief Oyaison had found people already living in the San Juan Capistrano area, and the migrants together with the original population settled a total of fifteen towns in the region. (Harrington 1934:57-62, Johnson and O’Neil 2001:17)” (Earle 2020). Religion The hereditary village chief (Nò-t) held an administrative position that combined control of religious, economic and spiritual powers (Boscana 1933:43) Religion was an important aspect of their society. Religious ceremonies included rites of passage at puberty and mourning rituals (Kroeber 1925:636-647). At puberty, boys and girls underwent initiation rituals during which they were taught about the powerful beings governing them and punishing any infractions of the rules (Sparkman 1908:221-225). They were taught to respect their elders, give them food, to listen to them, and to refrain from anger. The boys’ ceremony included drinking datura, dancing, and teaching the songs and rituals. The girls' ceremony included advice and instructions and necessary knowledge for village life, roasting in warm sand and rock painting (Bean and Shipeck 1978:555). Death is a major ritual for the Acachemen/ Luiseno. They observe at least a dozen mourning ceremonies. The Acjachemen participated in the widespread Chingichngish religion. There are several creation stories that the Acjachemen believe, inland and a coastal creation. Below is an excerpt of one of the inland creation stories: “And so it is…before this world was as we know it today, there existed one above and another below. The two were brother and sister. The one above represented the heavens and the one below the earth. In time they were united and from their union came other beings full of life. This included rocks and stones of all kinds, particularly chert, for their arrows, trees and shrubs, herbs and grasses, and all kinds of animals. These were the First People, the Kaamalam. 44 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 25 After Earth had given birth to all the things in the world, she brought forth as her last child, one whom they called Wiyóot. Wiyóot’s name signifies ‘something which has taken root’, denoting that his power and authority would extend over the earth as the largest trees spread their roots in every direction. Wiyóot had children, both male and female, and although he and his children were animate, they were not people like we know them today. As Wiyóot’s descendants multiplied, the piece of earth his mother had given birth to continued to increase in size, always from the north to the south. And as the number of people increased, so did the size and shape of the earth.” Trade Like many regions in California, the Acjcahemen homeland lies in a rich environment with an abundant variety of natural resources. Acjachemen relied on local materials to create tools, but also participated in trade with other California Indians, by trading their surplus in shell beads, mammal skins, salt dried fish, seaweed, and asphaltum (tar) with their inland neighbors for a variety of goods and luxury items. The Juaneño (Acjachemen) Today Despite the history of genocide, the devastating effects of the mission system, the Mexican period, and the American period, the Acjachemen have persisted. They are a vibrant community that continues to practice their traditional and cultural ways of life. Currently, there are three bands of Juaneño/Acjachemen. The Acjachemen are a non-federally recognized tribe. In 1993, the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation was jointly recognized by the California State Assembly and Senate as the original inhabitants of Orange County and parts of Los Angeles County, to parts of Riverside County, and to parts of Camp Pendleton (Resolution Chapter 121, Statutes of 1993 Assembly Joint Resolution 48). The Acjachemen are active in preservation of their language and sacred sites. HISTORIC SETTING CITY OF SEAL BEACH The Project area is located within the boundaries of the City of Seal Beach. The history of what would become Seal Beach began soon after the founding of Anaheim in 1857. At that time, the Anaheim Landing Company constructed a port for the Santa Ana Valley known as Anaheim Landing. Located on a small bay where Anaheim Creek emptied into the Pacific Ocean (now Seal Beach), the port consisted of a wharf and warehouse. Despite multiple disasters due to the treacherous water, coastal trade continued at Anaheim Landing for approximately 15 years (Glasgow 2021). In 1875, the arrival of the railroad in Anaheim provided an easier and safer shipping alternative 45 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 26 to the Landing. It was also during this period that the beaches surrounding the Landing had become a popular summer vacation location, with local newspapers reporting particularly large crowds numbering in the hundreds. In 1901, Philip Stanton sold a plot of land which he had purchased from the Hellman Ranch to John C. Ord. After hiring a team of 30 mules, Ord relocated his Los Alamitos based general store to his new property at what is now the southwest corner of Main Street and Electric Avenue in Seal Beach. The Ord Company would buy additional property located at the eastern end of Anaheim Landing, which was later subdivided ca. 1903 (Alioto 2005). On October 25, 1915, with a population of 250, the town of Seal Beach incorporated but under the name Bay City. The name was changed to Seal Beach shortly after incorporation in order to avoid confusion with San Francisco, which was also known as Bay City. In 1935, the site of Anaheim landing was designated a California Historical Landmark (Office of Historic Preservation 1935). Substantial change would come to Seal Beach during World War II as the U.S. Navy purchased most of the land around Anaheim Landing to build the United States Navy’s Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach. Construction of the Naval Weapons Station resulted in the demolition of 200 homes and the dredging of a 15-foot channel. Use of the water of Anaheim Bay is currently shared between the Navy and civilian craft (Glasgow 2021). RANCHO LOS ALAMITOS The Project area is within the boundaries of the former Rancho Los Alamitos, previously a contributor of the much larger Rancho Los Nietos (Appendix C, Figure C - 9). In 1790, Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto was granted a 300,000-acre tract by his former military commander Pedro Fages (then recently appointed governor of California; Jurmain et al. 2011). When Manuel Nieto died in 1804, his massive landholdings, then known as Rancho Los Nietos, passed to his widow and children. In 1834, Rancho Los Nietos was subdivided into five ranchos and one smaller ranch amongst Nieto’s heirs: Rancho Los Coyotes, Rancho Las Bolsas, Rancho Cerritos, Rancho Santa Gertrudes, Rancho Alamitos, and Palo Alto (smaller ranch). Juan Jose Nieto, the eldest son, received the 28,027-acre Rancho Los Alamitos in addition to the 48,806-acre Rancho Los Coyotes. In 1837, Juan Nieto sold Rancho Los Alamitos and lived on Rancho Los Coyotes (Dixon 2004). On July 12, 1842, a deed of sale was issued to Abel Stearns for the “six square leagues of Rancho Los Alamitos.” Just prior to Stearns’ purchase of the rancho, an inventory was taken which documented the existence of three adobe buildings on the property. It is not known 46 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 27 what improvements Stearns made to the ranch or the preexisting adobes during his period of ownership (Jurmain et al. 2011). Following the conclusion of the Mexican-American war and the subsequent annexation of California to the United States, the U.S. Land Commission confirmed Stearns’ title to Rancho Los Alamitos in 1855. Despite Stearns’ monumental success as a cattle rancher, which made him the richest man in Southern California, a series of natural disasters coupled with an economic recession resulted in the collapse of his cattle empire. Between 1860 and 1870, catastrophic flooding followed by a period of drought resulted in the ruin of many ranches and farms within Southern California; up to 70 percent of the cattle in Los Angeles County were dead from drought by 1864. Thus ended the reign of the great cattle barons of California (Jurmain et al. 2011). In 1865, Stearns was taken to court for failure to repay a $20,000 loan against Rancho Los Alamitos. Due to Stearns’ dire financial situation, he was unable to raise the funds required to pay back the loan and accrued interest. As a result, Stearns lost Rancho Los Alamitos to his creditor Michael Reese. In 1871, a portion of Rancho Los Alamitos was leased by John Bixby of the successful American ranching Bixby family. Due to the severe regional drought, the sheep ranching tenants of Rancho Los Alamitos were willing to sublease their land to Bixby to sustain themselves. Bixby saw the potential of the rancho’s land to sustain agriculture and dairy cows (Jurmain et al. 2011). In 1881, the entirety of the 26,395-acre Los Alamitos rancho was offered for sale for $125,000 following the death of Michael Reese. Bixby, who had already been leasing a large portion of the rancho, entered into a three-way partnership with Isaias W. Hellman and the J. Bixby & Co. and together obtained an $80,000 mortgage of the rancho. They began operations that same year under the name J.W. Bixby & Co. (Jurmain et al. 2011). Taking advantage of the soaring profit of wheat exports to England due to severe crop failures across Europe, Bixby used much of the rancho to grow wheat for export during the 1870s and 1880s. The size of Rancho Los Alamitos was such that tenant farming was introduced in 1878. This system of sharecropping would continue to grow and by 1890 nearly 18% of farmers in California were tenant farmers. Also of note, by 1890, a substantial population increase in Southern California led Bixby to notice the shifting value and use of land. J.W. Bixby & Co decided to capitalize on the new trend of budding beachside communities and developed the townsite he called Alamitos Beach on 5,000 acres of the seaside portion of Rancho Los Alamitos (Jurmain et al. 2011). In May of 1887, John Bixby died suddenly at age thirty-nine from what is believed to be appendicitis. As a result of his death, Rancho Los Alamitos was divided amongst its surviving 47 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 28 co-owners. Each recipient received 7,200 acres: J. Bixby & Co. received the inland section, Hellman received the section of land along the coast, and the remaining central area went to John Bixby’s widow and children (Jurmain et al. 2011). ISAIAS WOLF HELLMAN (OCTOBER 3, 1842-APRIL 9, 1920) A Jewish immigrant from Bavaria, Isaias Wolf Hellman came to the United States in 1859 when he was 17 years old and immediately found work at a clothing store (Los Angeles Times 1920). In 1868, the Farmers & Merchants National Bank (the second bank in Los Angeles) opened its doors for business with Isaias Wolf Hellman as one of its co-founders. Known as a real estate magnate, Hellman had begun purchasing multiple properties in Southern California and pursued a successful career as a financier of local ranchos (including Rancho Los Alamitos) and wealthy landowners (such as James Irvine). Hellman’s influence grew and in 1887, the Los Angeles Clearinghouse Association was formed and he was elected President. In 1890, Hellman undertook the rehabilitation of the Nevada Bank of San Francisco which later merged with Wells Fargo. Isaias W. Hellman spent the majority of his working life in San Francisco where he died on April 19, 1920 at the age of seventy-eight (Los Angeles Times 1920). HELLMAN RANCH For 50 years, the majority of the work done on the Hellman Ranch used horse-drawn equipment. A single steam-powered excavator was used to excavate the many drainage ditches found on the property, including the Hellman Channel (Tyler 2018). This ranch was used to provide feed for beef cattle the Hellman Company raised on a 35,000 acre ranch (Nacimiento Ranch) near Paso Robles, California. Cattle would be transported from the Nacimiento Ranch to the Seal Beach ranch to graze and then shipped to the Los Angeles Market. The land was divided into large parcels which were farmed by immigrant farmers who produced cash crops such as sugar beets. Support structures were constructed for the farmers which included homes, wells, barns and other ancillary buildings (Tyler 2018). The rearing of cattle at the Hellman Ranch ceased during World War II when the U.S. Navy acquired most of the farmland in Seal Beach for the construction of what is now the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach. This takeover by the Navy included large portions of Hellman’s land. As a result, the Hellman Company pivoted use of the land from cattle to agriculture. In 1961, 541 acres of the ranch’s best farmland was sold to the developers of Rossmoor Leisure World. Following the sale, the old ranch buildings were abandoned and were eventually sold to an aerospace company (Tyler 2018). 48 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 29 LOS ANGELES BASIN OIL INDUSTRY In 1920, I.W. Hellman, President of the Los Alamitos Land Company, died and was replaced by rancher and co-owner of the company Fred H. Bixby. Bixby leased tracts of land owned by the Alamitos Land Company to Standard Oil, Royal Dutch Shell Company, and the Marland Oil Company. Roads were constructed through the Project area and foundations for the oil derricks were set on driven pilings. In 1926, the Marland Oil Company began drilling with great success on the Bixby Lease (part of the Seal Beach Oil Field) now known as the Synergy Oil Field and that same year went into full commercial oil production. Production of oil at the Seal Beach Oil Field reached its peak in 1927, averaging 70,000 barrels per day (ESA 2019). Oil extraction from the Seal Beach Oil Fields eventually declined post World War II with major issues such as damage to multiple wells (518) from earthquakes and subsidence. By the mid- 1970s, 223 oil wells were still in use but produced far less then offshore drilling facilities in San Pedro Bay (ESA 2019). PROJECT AREA HISTORY The Project area overlaps with the property boundaries and history of Hellman Ranch and the production of oil in association with the Los Angeles Basin’s oil industry. Based on the earliest known USDA aerial photographs of the Project area, in 1927 the Hellman Channel is clearly visible in its current configuration; however, this aerial photograph shows that the channel continued southeast and then turned northeast at the eastern end of the Project area boundary (Appendix D, Figure D - 1). There are also two water retention ponds and multiple dirt access roads leading to and from the Project area. In a 1928 USDA aerial photograph, two large tanks are visible near the northern center of the Project area (Appendix D, Figure D - 2). What is believed to be two additional large water retention ponds are visible adjacent to an access road near the northeast side of the Project area. In a 1938 USDA photograph, multiple small structures/objects are visible at the westernmost end of the Project area near an access road (Appendix D, Figure D - 3). By 1952, the majority of what is now 1st Street (which crosses into the Project area from the west) is visible in most of its current configuration (Appendix D, Figure D - 4). A large structure (previously identified by ESA in 2019 as LCWA-CRE-004-H), is located on the State Lands [Commission] Parcel site (ESA 2019). While only the concrete foundation currently remains, ESA determined the building was related to the Airport Club Marina Palace and was initially constructed in 1950. The building was a large Quonset hut which was used as a gambling house and music venue (ESA 2019). 49 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 30 Between 1962 and 1965, the 90 degree bend at the northernmost point of the Hellman Channel is altered to its current configuration (Appendix D, Figure D - 5 and Appendix D, Figure D - 6). Sometime between 1965 and 1974, a long portion of the northeast/southwest access road near the center of the Project area was removed (Appendix D, Figure D - 7). In 1974, two large rectangular water retention basins are present (which remain today) at the western end of the Project area, adjacent to 1st Street. It is assumed these basins are associated with the nearby oil fields which are outside the boundaries of the Project area. The structures located at the western end of the Project area (LCWA-CRE-004-H) are no longer present. Only the concrete foundation is visible. There are no notable alterations within the Project area between 1974 and present day (Appendix D, Figure D - 8 and Appendix D, Figure D - 9). RECORDS SEARCH CALIFORNIA HISTORIC RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM For the Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Plan Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR), ESA archaeologist Vanessa Ortiz completed a search of the California Historic Resources Information System (CHRIS) from the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) located on the campus of California State University, Fullerton on May 19, 2019. The records search was for the entire Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex which included the proposed Project area as well as a one-mile radius. Cogstone archaeologist Logan Freeberg requested a second and expanded records search from the SCCIC on March 23, 2021. The updated records search focused on identifying cultural sites within a three-mile buffer around the entire Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex. SCCIC Assistant Coordinator Michelle Galaz completed the search on April 30, 2021. Results of the record search indicate that 13 previous studies have been completed within the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex while an additional 99 studies have been completed previously within a one-mile radius of the Los Cerritos Complex (Appendix E, Table E - 1). Three prehistoric cultural resources have been recorded within the Southern LCW Project area: P-30-000256 (Landing Hill #1), P-30-000258 (Landing Hill #3), and P-30-000260. Outside of the Southern LCW Project area, a total of 350 cultural resources have been previously 50 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 31 documented within the 3-mile radius from the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex area. These consist of 30 cultural resources within 0 – 0.25 miles, 56 cultural resources within 0.25 – 0.5 miles, 34 cultural resources within 0.5 – 1 miles, 121 cultural resources within 1 – 2 miles and 109 cultural resources within 2 – 3 miles of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex area (Appendix F, Table F – 1). P-30-000256 (LANDING HILL #1) P-30-000256 was recorded as a prehistoric habitation site with milling stones located on Landing Hill above the coastal plain and tidal flats of Alamitos and Anaheim Bays, and close to food sources. The site was surface collected for many years prior to being recorded and much of it has been destroyed by development (McKinney 1969a based on information from Redwine 1959). P-30-000258 (LANDING HILL #3) P-30-000258 was recorded as a prehistoric habitation site that covered the highest of the small knolls on Landing Hill. Numerous chipped stone and ground stone artifacts were identified on the surface including 60 manos, 13 mortar fragments, 16 hammerstones, and a broken and mended sandstone bowl. This site has been largely destroyed by housing development (McKinney 1969b based on information from Redwine 1959). P-30-000260 P-30-000260 was a prehistoric archaeological site that covered a small flat on the edge of Landing Hill. It is described as a seasonal camp marked mainly by shell remains and fragmented ground and chipped stone artifacts (McKinney 1969c based on information from Redwine 1959). OTHER SOURCES In addition to the SCCIC records search, a variety of sources were consulted in July 2021 to obtain information regarding the cultural context of the Project area. Sources included the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), the California Register of Historic Resources (CRHR), California Built Environment Resource Database (BERD), California Historical Landmarks (CHL), and California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) (Table 2). Specific information about the Project area, obtained from historic-era maps and aerial photographs, is also presented in the Project area History section. 51 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 32 Table 2. Additional Sources Consulted Source Results National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Negative Historic USGS Topographic Maps The earliest USGS topographic quadrangle maps of the Project area are the 1886 Los Bolsas and 1896 Downey (both 1:62,500), which show the Project area as a wetland with improved roads close to its eastern border (Appendix G, Figure G - 1.) Little change is depicted until 1935, when the Los Alamitos (1:31,680) map shows a road in the south portion of the Project area (Appendix G, Figure G - 2). The San Gabriel River has not yet been channelized. The 1941 Las Bolsa and 1942 Downey (both 1:31,680) USGS topographic quadrangles show additional dirt roads and three buildings within the Project area (Appendix G, Figure G - 3). Depictions on USGS quadrangle maps change little to the present except for the 1974 Los Alamitos (1:24,000) USGS topographic quadrangle, based on an aerial photograph, and shows additional small roads, two larger retaining basins, and features encircled by roads that may be smaller retaining basins. Historic US Department of Agriculture Aerial Photographs Per the earliest known USDA aerial photographs, in 1927 (NETROnline 1927) there are multiple access roads visible within the Project area boundaries. Due to the poor quality of the photograph, observation of additional built environment is limited. In 1927, the Hellman Channel is clearly visible in its present location and configuration. Multiple dirt access roads are present, leading to and from the Project area. At least two large tanks are present at the northern center of the Project area. At least three water retention ponds are also visible. The 1952 USDA historic aerial photograph shows a large structure (previously identified by ESA in 2019 as LCWA-CRE-004-H) located on a State Lands [Commission] Parcel site (NETROnline 1952). While only the concrete foundation remains, ESA determined the building was related to the Airport Club Marina Palace and was initially constructed in 1950. The building was a large 32uonset hut which was used as a gambling house and music venue (ESA 2019). The 1974 USDA historic aerial photograph shows two water retention basins in place (NETROnline 1974). The features remain today. It is assumed these basins are associated with the nearby oil fields which are outside the boundaries of the Project area. California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) Negative Built Environment Resource Directory (BERD) Negative California Historical Landmarks (CHL) Negative California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) Negative 52 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 33 Source Results Bureau of Land Management (BLM) General Land Office Records Table 3. Abel Stearns; 1874; Mexican Land Grant; Accession No. CACAAA 084787; Township 5 South, Range 12 West, Sections 11, 12 and 14; as part of 27143-acre land grant. Local Registers (Historical Societies/Archives) There is currently no active historical society in Seal Beach. Based on information found on the social media page for the Seal Beach Historical Society the organization is defunct and the whereabouts of its documentary holdings is unknown. Table 3. Land Patents Name(s) Year Accession Number Type T; R; Section Abel Stearns 1874 CACAAA084787 Serial Patent T: 5S; R: 12W, Sections 11, 12 and 14 Abel Stearns was one of the richest and most influential citizens of Los Angeles during his lifetime. Born in Massachusetts in 1799, he eventually made his way to California and settled in Los Angeles around 1833. Mr. Stearns made a large amount of money in trade and eventually purchased large swaths of real estate including Ranchos Los Alamitos, Las Bolas, La Laguna de Los Angeles and half interest in Los Coyotes. In 1849 he was a member of the first Constitutional Convention representing the district of Los Angeles. Mr. Stearns became one of the largest land and cattle owners in California. His wife, Dona Arcadia, who was the daughter of Don Juan Bandini, inherited the entire estate upon his death in 1871 (Barrows 1899). SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH A Sacred Lands File (SLF) search was requested from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) for the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex for the PEIR in 2019. The NAHC responded that the search was positive but did not specifically identify the Sacred Land (Appendix H). Cogstone did not request an additional SFL search as Anthony Morales of the Gabrieleno/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians identified that the sacred lands were the village of Puvungna which was nominated to the Sacred Lands file on November 19, 2019, and the village of Motuucheyngna which was nominated on May 9, 2019. TRIBAL COORDINATION AND INTERVIEWS TRIBAL ADVISORY COUNCIL Consultation with Native American Tribes under AB 52 as well as other potentially interested Tribes was conducted for the PEIR (Section 3.15, ESA 2020). As a result of that process, a 53 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 34 Tribal Advisory Group (TAG) was created to collaborate first, with all tribes that consulted with LCWA through the AB 52 process for the PEIR, and potentially second, other interested Tribes, to engage tribal perspectives early on and throughout planning development, and to incorporate traditional ecological knowledge into restoration designs. Nine Tribes were invited to participate in TAG meetings (Table 4; Appendix I). The Gabrielino-Shoshone Nation was not part of the original AB 52 consultation for the PEIR as they had been inactive for several years but are now included for their knowledge of the area. Table 4. Tribes invited to TAG Tribe Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation Gabrieleño/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians Gabrielino Tongva Indians of California Tribal Council Gabrielino/Tongva Nation Gabrielino-Shoshone Nation Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation – Belardes Juaneño Band of Mission Indians Acjachemen Nation – Romero* Ti’at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu *Teresa Romero has been replaced as Chairwoman by Heidi Lucero as of July 10, 2021. The first TAG meeting was held on May 25, 2021, via Zoom. Four Tribal participants representing four Tribes attended (the Gabrieleno Shoshone Tribe, Gabrielino/Tongva Nation, the Gabrielino Tongva Indians of California, and Gabrielino-Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians). Participants were provided an overview of the purpose and goals of the TAG, information on the Southern LCW Restoration Project, results of the cultural resources records search, and information on the cultural landscape study of the greater Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex. After the meeting, minutes of the TAG meeting were prepared by LCWA and sent to representatives of the nine Tribes via email. During the first TAG meeting, Tribal representatives requested an in-person field visit. On July 23, 2021, LCWA staff and consultants met with five Tribal representatives and three California Coastal Commission staff members ( Figure 5; Appendix J). Prior to the meeting, Tribal representatives were provided a list and map of the prehistoric sites within a 3-mile buffer around the Los Cerritos Complex and information about interviews to be conducted for the TCL study. Hard copies of these documents were made available to site visit participants, who walked the Southern LCW Restoration Project area as LCWA representatives provided information about the proposed project. Tribal members asked 54 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 35 questions and provided feedback on the proposed restoration plan. Detailed comments are summarized in the Tribal Feedback section below. TRIBAL INTERVIEWS To better understand the Gabrielino’s (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Juaneño’s (Acjachemen) relationship to the Los Cerritos Wetlands, saltwater marshes, and the greater cultural landscape encompassing the Los Cerritos Wetlands, including the villages of Puvungna and Motuucheyngna, Cogstone conducted interviews with Tribal members recommended by Tribal representatives. Figure 5. Meeting with LCWA. Coastal Commission, and TAG on July 23, 2021. Interviews were conducted in conjunction with UCLA’s “Diverse Perspectives on Water” project. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the “Diverse Perspectives on Water” project is investigating how Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Tataviam viewed/views water in the past, present, and future in Los Angeles County. Prior to each interview, each interviewee was provided an Interview Consent Form and list of possible interview questions (Appendix K). UCLA staff, Dr. Jessica Cattelino and Sedonna Goeman-Shulsky, conducted digital video recording of the interviews of four of the interviewees while Cogstone staff recorded interviews via digital audio recorder and took digital photographs. Each participant was provided an honorarium for their participation. 55 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 36 Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority staff conducted an interview with Matt Teutimez, Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation, via Zoom. The Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation’s history and stories are not interchangeable with the history of other tribes interviewed in this study. The Lawrence de Graaf Center for Oral and Public History at the California State University, Fullerton transcribed the digital audio interviews. Copies of the interview transcripts, photos and interview audio and video will be provided to all interviewees. The interview transcripts, photos and video may be donated to the Graaf Center for Oral and Public History, upon consent of participants. Five Tribal members were interviewed ( Table 5). Table 5. Tribal members interviewed Name Tribe Date Location Cindi Alvitre Ti’at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu August 14, 2021 Gum Grove Park, Seal Beach, CA Mercedes Dorame Gabrielino Tongva Indians of California Tribal Council August 14, 2021 Gum Grove Park, Seal Beach, CA Craig Torres Ti’at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu August 28, 2021 Southern LCW Project area, Seal Beach, CA Nicholas Rocha Gabrielino Shoshone Nation August 28, 2021 Southern LCW Project area, Seal Beach, CA Matt Teutimez Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation October 7, 2021 Via Zoom Rocha, Torres, and Alvitre were also given a tour of the Southern LCW Project area by D. Martinez. Cindi Alvitre Ms. Alvitre is Director of the Ti’at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu and has been an educator and artist activist for over three decades. She served as the first woman chair of the Gabrieleno/Tongva Tribal Council and in 1985, she and Lorene Sisquoc co-founded the Mother Earth Clan, a collective of Indian women who created a model for cultural and environmental 56 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 37 education, with a particular focus on traditional art. In the late 1980s, she co-founded the Ti’at Society sharing in the renewal of the ancient maritime practices of the coastal/island Tongva, extending into the public realm as participants in the World Festival of Sacred Music and Moompetam, the American Indian Festival at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach. Cindi is currently a professor in American Indian Studies and the NAGPRA Coordinator for California State University, Long Beach. Mercedes Dorame Ms. Dorame is a Tongva artist and currently visiting faculty at CalArts. She is the daughter of Robert Dorame, Chair of the Gabrielino Tongva Indians of California Tribal Council. As an artist, she calls on her Tongva ancestry to engage the problematics of (in)visibility and ideas of cultural construction. As a Native American monitor, she observed construction at the Hellman Ranch site, located to the east of the Southern LCW Restoration Project and at the Playa Vista/Ballona wetlands. Dorame’s work is in the permanent collections of the Hammer Museum, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Triton Museum, The Allen Memorial Art Museum, The de Saisset Museum, The Montblanc Foundation Collection, and The Phoebe A. Hearst Museum. Craig Torres Mr. Torres is an Tongva artist and cultural educator descended from the indigenous communities of the Yaavetam (Los Angeles) and Komiikravetam (Santa Monica Canyon). He is a member of the Ti’at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu. As a Tongva cultural educator he has taught at many schools, culture and nature centers, museums as well as other governmental agencies on Tongva history, culture and contemporary issues. He is an ongoing consultant at Rancho Los Alamitos Historic Ranch and Gardens in Long Beach, working with the Tongva program that he helped develop. He has also been involved with the Chia Café Collective which provides cooking demos and classes with California native plants and provided education on the importance of preserving native plants, habitats and landscapes for future generations (Drake et al. 2016). He is also an advocate of “indigenizing” public and residential landscapes to California native plants and raising the public’s awareness of drought and water issues. As an artist, he derives his inspiration from his Tongva cultural heritage. He works in digital media as a graphic designer, mixed media as well as utilized some of his designs as inspiration for community collaborative “sacred art” installations. Nicholas Rocha Mr. Rocha is currently the Chair of the Gabrielino Shoshone Nation and is on the cultural advisory board for Anahuacalmecac International Baccalaureate World School in Los Angeles. His mother, Vera Rocha, was chief of the Gabrielino Shoshone Nation while his father was its spiritual leader. The Rocha family has been involved with Native America activism and politics for many years including bringing a lawsuit against the City of Los Angeles in 1996 along with 57 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 38 the Wetlands Action Network/Ballona Valley Preservation League/Earth Trust Foundation, and Friends of Sunset Park to protect the Ballona Wetlands, a salt marsh located in west Los Angeles. Matthew Teutimez Mr.Teutimez is a biologist and has both a Bachelor and Master of Science in Biology from California State University of Long Beach. He brings his indigenous perspective to his projects, melding his educational background and traditional ecological knowledge passed down from generation to generation. Mr. Teutimez’s father, John Teutimez Jr. is a tribal elder, and he is cousin to current Tribal Chairperson Andrew Salas. The family can trace their lineage through the decades of colonization, through the Spanish, Mexican, and American periods, tying back to the San Gabriel Mission and workers of the ranchero families that occupied Long Beach and Seal Beach. Mr. Teutimez also sits on California’s Environmental Protection Agency’s Tribal Advisory Council. Attempts to interview Juaneño (Acjachemen) Tribal members have been unsuccessful. Overview of the responses to the interview questions are incorporated in the Tribal Feedback as well as summarized in the Cultural Landscape sections below. Figure 6. Mercedes Dorame and Cindi Alvitre, Gum Grove Park, Seal Beach, CA August 14, 2021. 58 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 39 Figure 7. Craig Torres and Nicholas Rocha, Los Cerritos Wetlands, Seal Beach, CA August 28, 202 SURVEY METHODS The survey stage is important in a Project’s environmental assessment phase to verify the exact location of each identified cultural resource, the condition or integrity of the resource, and the proximity of the resource to areas of cultural resources sensitivity. All undeveloped ground surface areas within the Project area were examined for artifacts (e.g., flaked stone tools, tool- making debris, stone milling tools or fire-affected rock), soil discoloration that might indicate the presence of a cultural midden, soil depressions and features indicative of the former presence of structures or buildings (e.g., postholes, foundations), or historic-era debris (e.g., metal, glass, ceramics). Existing ground disturbances (e.g., cutbanks, ditches, animal burrows, etc.) were visually inspected. Photographs of the Project area, including ground surface visibility and items of interest, were taken with a digital camera. Cogstone archaeologist Desiree Martinez conducted an intensive cultural resources pedestrian survey of selected areas of the Project area (northern edge of the Hellman Channel) on July 21 and August 28, 2021. Cogstone archaeologist Sandy Duarte completed an intensive-level pedestrian survey on August 5 and 6, 2021, of those areas not covered by dense vegetation . 59 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 40 Built environment survey methods include thoroughly photographing all elevations/facades of a structure including close-up photographs of important character defining features such as overall shape of the structure, its materials, craftsmanship, decorative details, etc. Cogstone Architectural Historian Shannon Lopez documented the Hellman Channel on July 21, 2021. RESULTS Ground visibility within the Project area was very poor (less than 3 percent) due to dense vegetation. As a result, Ms. Duarte surveyed approximately 20 acres of the 105 acres within the Project area which consisted of bare and semi-bare surrounding areas, having 95 percent visibility (Appendix L, Figure L - 1). The intensive pedestrian survey consisted of one- to three- meter wide transects in accessible areas. The wetlands and surrounding areas are covered with glasswort, prickly lettuce, sage brush, mule fat, wild tobacco, bladderpod, and an abundance of other native and non-native flora ( Figure 8). Most of the Project area surveyed has been highly disturbed from anthropogenic activities. Most of the Project area’s surface was covered with dredge sediments and various sized shell fragments including clam, oysters, scallops, barnacles, California Horn Snail, etc. ( Figure 9). Figure 8. Overview of the Southern LCW Project area showing dense vegetation, facing northeast 60 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 41 Figure 9. Overview dredge sediments and shell within the Project area NEWLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES Six new cultural resources were recorded: one historic earthen irrigation channel, two prehistoric isolates (2021_08_05_SD.1-I and 2021_08_28_DRM.1-I), two historic sites (2021_08_06_SD.1 and 2021_08_06_SD.2) and one prehistoric site (2021_08_06_SD_3). Hellman Channel This segment of the historic Hellman Channel within the Southern LCW Project area is 4,161 feet long (Figure 10). This channel was likely constructed ca. 1928 and originally used for irrigation purposes on the Hellman Ranch. The channel is not lined and is gravity fed. The depth of the channel is between 1-2 feet and varies in width, approximately 4 feet at its narrowest point and around 15 feet at its widest. The bank of the channel is covered with dense vegetation. Several concrete conduits located in various points along the channel allow water to flow under an asphalted road crossing. 61 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 42 Figure 10. Segment of Hellman Channel near 1st Street; facing east 2021_08_05_SD.1-I 2021_08_05_SD.1-I is an isolated prehistoric artifact consisting of 1 piece of obsidian debitage, located north of 1st Street ( Figure 11; Appendix L, Figure L - 1). The isolate measures 2.7 centimeters (cm) x 2.5 cm x 2 cm. 62 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 43 Figure 11. 2021_08_05_SD.1-I, isolated obsidian debitage 2021_08_28_DRM_1-I 2021_08_28_DRM_1-I is a prehistoric isolate consisting of 1 prehistoric exfoliated granitic unifacial mano and an exfoliated chalcedony scraper found in three pieces ( Figure 12; Appendix L, Figure L - 1). The mano measures 12.7 cm in diameter and 3.81 cm in thickness. When whole the scraper measured 2.54 cm x 2 cm and 0.5 cm in thickness. No other cultural resources or features were present. Figure 12. 2021_08_28_DRM_1-I, granitic mano and chalcedony scraper 2021_08_06_SD.1 2021_08_06_SD.1 is a historic-age refuse site consisting of two piles of wood planks and boards, a pile of broken concrete, and some metal scraps Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16 and Appendix L, Figure L - 1). The wood and concrete had no diagnostic features. 63 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 44 Figure 13. Overview of first wood pile within 2021_08_06_SD.1, facing south Figure 14. Overview of second wood pile within 2021_08_06_SD.1, facing north 64 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 45 Figure 15. Overview of concrete pile within 2021_08_06_SD.1, facing south Figure 16. Metal scrap within 2021_08_06_SD.1. 65 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 46 2021_08_06_SD.2 2021_08_06_SD.2 is a historic-age refuse site consisting of deteriorated red bricks (Figure 17), a pile of tile fragments ( Figure 18) and a historic soda fired ceramic pipe sherd ( Figure 19). The site measures approximately 72 feet by 43 feet and is adjacent to the northern edge of the Hellman Channel (Appendix L, Figure L - 1). Figure 17. Overview of deteriorating red brick within 2021_08_06_SD.2 66 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 47 Figure 18. Overview of ceramic tile in 2021_08_06_SD.2 Figure 19. Historic soda fired ceramic pipe sherd 2021_08_06_SD.3 2021_08_06_SD.3 is a prehistoric site consisting of a lithic scatter of a quartz flake ( Figure 20), a modified tool of pink quartzite ( Figure 21), and a grey quartzite scraper ( Figure 22). This site is approximately 60 meters east of 2021_08_06_SD.2. The site measures 60 meters by 14 meters and is adjacent to the northern edge of the Hellman Channel (Appendix L, Figure L - 1). Figure 20. Quartz Flake within 2021_08_06_SD.3 67 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 48 Figure 21. Pink Quartzite tool within 2021_08_06_SD.3 Figure 22. Grey Quartzite scraper within 2021_08_06_SD.3 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES Portions of three previously recorded cultural resources are located within the Southern LCW Project area. P-30-000256 was revisited. This northwest portion of the site sits atop a bluff and spills down slope into the wetlands. Approximately 15 percent of the site was visible. No cultural resources were observed. The portions of P-30-000258 and P-30-000260 that lie within the Southern LCW Project area were not accessible due to dense vegetation and were not revisited. EXTENDED PHASE I TESTING Cogstone returned in September/October for Extended Phase I presence-absence testing of three resources recorded during the August 2021 survey and site visits. These resources (temporary names) are 2021_08_05_SD.1/I and 2021_08_28-DRM_1-I cultural isolates, and site 2021_08_06_SD.3. Planned excavation is summarized in Table 6 below (and investigation methods are summarized in the next section and detailed in Gust and Martinez 2022). Eric Zahn of Tidal Influence met with the archaeological crew on the first day of excavation to provide optimal access routes to the resources and to point out sensitive vegetation. Native American monitors representing Tribal Advisory Group participants accompanied the archaeological crew on a rotating basis (Table 7). Table 6. Planned excavation Site Name Site Type and Description Type of Excavation Depth of fill Planned Disturbance (Grading) 2021_08_05_SD.1/I Isolate-obsidian debitage Shovel Test Pit (STP) 50 cm diameter x 1.2 m (1.3 x 4 feet) deep 3 feet 3 feet 2021_08_06_SD.3 Site-lithic scatter Test Excavation Unit (TEU) 1m x1m x 1.6m (3 x 3 x 5 feet) 4 feet of fill 2-3 feet of cut 2021_08_28-DR_1-I Isolate-granitic mano and chalcedony scraper STP 40 cm diameter x 30 cm (1.3 x 1 foot) deep 0 feet No planned ground disturbance 68 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 49 Table 7. Native American monitoring schedule Date Monitor Representing 9/28/2022 none Planned representative was ill and unavailable 9/29/2022 Robert Dorame Gabrielino Tongva Indians of California Tribal Council 9/30/2022 Dominic Robles Ti’at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu 10/3/2022 John Blunt Gabrielino Tongva Nation 10/4/2022 Sam Dunlap Gabrielino Tongva Tribe METHODS The testing crew included a single supervisor-level archaeologist and a qualified field technician. The principal archaeologist was on-site a on spot-check basis. Cogstone contacted Dig-Alert (digalert.org) prior to the start of excavation, to obtain the locations of underground utilities. Extended Phase I testing within the Southern LCW consisted of excavation with three prehistoric resources (2021_08_05_SD.1/I, 2021_08_06_SD.3, and 2021_08_28-DRM_1-I) identified during fields visits/pedestrian survey in 2021 (Appendix L, Figure L - 1; see Table 6). Excavations were accomplished using a a round-tipped shovel, pick, and dig bar in 10-centimeter (4-inch) levels. Sediments at each excavation location were screened through 1/8-inch hardware mesh. Sediment color was identified using a Munsell® Soil Color Chart, and any natural stratigraphy or effects of bioturbation were described using standard methods and terminology. All surface artifacts that could be reidentified were collected and the crew was prepared to collect all prehistoric artifacts and all temporally diagnostic historic-aged artifacts. A Handheld Trimble GeoXH 6000 high resolution GPS unit was used to record each excavation location. Color digital photographs were taken before, during, and after fieldwork. Other documentation included field notes on the condition of the deposit and excavation records. After excavation was complete, each excavation location was backfilled using sediments from the excavation. 2021_08_05_SD.1/I Work at 2021_08_21.SD/I was originally planned to consist of one 50 cm diameter x 1.2 m (1.3 feet x 4 feet) deep STP (STP 1). Sediment color varied from white (2.5Y8/1) at the surface to dusky red (2.5Y3/2) to 30 centimeters to dark brown (7.5Y3/3) from 30 centimeters to the bottom of the pit. Sediments in STP 1 were silty sand that become progressively less silty and more compact with depth. Clay content varied from minimal within first 20 centimeters to increasingly large dense nodules from 20 centimeters (8 inches) to 50 centimeters (20 inches) (Figure 23). At approximately 50 centimeters further excavation was stopped by a large piece of reddish in color dimensional lumber. Due to this obstruction, a second STP (designated STP 1B) 69 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 50 was excavated 5.2 meters (17 feet) due south of STP 1. Sediments within STP 1B were similar to those in STP 1 except it had greater clay content within the first 20 centimeters. A similar piece of reddish dimensional lumber was encountered at 58 centimeters (23 inches) (Figure 24). No other subsurface cultural material was found in STP 1 or STP 1B. Figure 23. STP 1 at 2021_08_05_SD.1/I post-excavation, view to the north. Note dimensional lumber at bottom of STP. Figure 24. STP 1B at 2021_08_05_SD.1/I post-excavation. Note dimensional lumber at bottom of STP. 70 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 51 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I Work at 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I consisted of a single STP (STP 2) excavated to the planned depth of 30 centimeters (1 foot) (Figure 25). Sediment color varied from white (2.5Y8/1) at the surface to very dark grayish brown (2.5 Y3/2) in the first 10 centimeters (4 inches) to grayish brown inches (2.5Y5/2) from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 30 centimeters (12 inches). A thin layer of salt covered STP 2 at the surface. Sediments consisted of wet silty sand with minimal clay and a small amount of shell that diminishes with increasing depth. No cultural material was found subsurface within STP 2. Figure 25. STP 2 at 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I post-excavation. 2021_08_06.SD.3 Planned work at 2021_08_06.SD.3 consisted of a single 1 meter (3 feet) by 1 meter (3 feet) TEU excavated to 1.6 meters (5.2 feet) deep. A possible hand stone (mano) was found 3.1 (10 feet) meters northwest of TEU on the surface but the not all of the cultural material identified during survey was reidentified during testing. Starting at a few centimeters below the surface the content of the TEU became approximately 20 percent very dark gray (5YR3/1) silty sand and 80 percent rocky material predominated by fragments of broken concrete. One lithic flake and two possible lithic flakes were found in the first ten centimeters (4 inches) (Level 1) and some chert and quartzite were also present. Contents of Levels 2 and 3 were a similar 80 percent rocky material/20 percent very dark gray (5YR3/1) silty sand, with a small number of shell fragments mixed within fragments of modern plastic bags. One potential lithic flake was recovered from 16 to 26 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) below surface, and another was found at 20 to 30 (8 to 12 inches) centimeters below surface. Starting at approximately three centimeters (1 inch) deep within Level 4 the rocky material content began to decrease. No artifacts were recovered from 71 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 52 the very dark gray (5YR3/1) silty sand within Level 4 other than a possible piece of wood. A brick fragment was found within the now nearly 100 percent very dark gray (5YR3/1) silty sand within Level 5. Small bits of asphaltum was also present from near the top of Level 1 to the bottom of Level 5. The first 5 centimeters of Level 6 consisted of the same very dark gray (5YR3/1) silty sand (Figure 26). When the excavation reached 55 centimeters (22 inches) below surface, a shift in excavation methods was necessary due to time constraints. Instead of continuing the unit an STP (STP 3) was placed in the center of TEU 1. At approximately 85 centimeters (33 inches) below surface the dark reddish brown (2.5Y3/1) silty sand became wet and compacted and no longer contained shell or asphaltum. These sediments continued to 152 centimeters (5 feet) below surface where the STP was stopped due to time constraints and difficulty removing sediments from the STP for screening (Figure 27). Natural sediments were reached in this testing operation as fill depth was estimated to be approximately 4 feet (120 centimeters). No potentially prehistoric cultural material was found below 30 centimeters (1 foot) and any potentially historic-age material found was mixed with modern trash. Lithic artifacts from TEU 1 are shown in Figures 28 to 31. 72 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 53 Figure 26. TEU 1 at 2021_08_06.SD.3 post excavation at 55 centimeters deep, view to the north. Figure 27. STP 3 in TEU 1 at 2021_08_06.SD.3 post excavation at 152 centimeters deep, view to the north. Figure 28. Lithic flake (4) 1.4from TEU 1, 0 to 10 centimeters below surface. Figure 29. Possible lithic flakes from TEU 1, 0 to 10 centimeters below TP3 5'.'.:'-1'°'L""''o5 6.¼,~, ol tote'-~' l02L uTM:, S398052,3,.35 n L_____ -- 73 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 54 surface. Figure 30. Possible lithic flake from TEU 1, 16 to 26 centimeters below surface. Figure 31. Possible lithic flake from TEU 1, 20 to 30 centimeters below surface. RESULTS None of the three resources that underwent tended phase I presence/absence testing in September/October 2022 were found to have associated intact buried cultural deposits. Specific information for each tested resource follows. 2021_08_05_SD.1/I According to Eric Zahn of Tidal Influence (personal communication to John Gust on October 3, 2022) this resource was in an area that previously contained sump pits used in fossil fuel extraction. The reddish dimensional lumber found in the bottom of STPs 1 and 1B is consistent with this as cedar and redwood, both reddish in color, are commonly used in wet situations due to their natural resistance to rotting. Excavation for a sump pit would have disrupted any cultural deposits once present. 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I The planned STP in this resource was excavated according to plan and revealed no cultural material subsurface. 2021_08_06.SD.3 Testing excavation in this resource was deeper than within the two isolates. The only potentially prehistoric material was found no deeper than 30 centimeters (1 foot) below surface and then 74 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 55 mixed with modern trash and concrete debris. Natural sediments were reached in the last approximately 30 centimeters (1 foot) without encountering cultural deposits. GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS METHODS For this assessment, University of California Davis National Resources Conservation Service California Soils Resource Lab (UCD SoilWeb, accessed September 2021) soils maps were consulted along with the United States Department of Agriculture National Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS, accessed September 2021) soils descriptions, and geologic maps. Soils of the Project area were determined using the UCD maps. Subsurface site preservation depends on many factors. Soils and locations were analyzed for grain sizes, slope, and environmental indicators that contribute to the preservation of sites. Primarily, sites accumulate where people have the highest probability of living; on lower slope gradients near water sources but in areas that are unlikely to experience regular flooding. Additionally, lower slope gradients decrease erosion and increase deposition assisting in site burial. Both pebbly and coarser grain sizes as well as clay rich soils preserve artifacts poorly. The age of a soil also determines the likelihood of buried archaeological sites and must be assessed as the older soils are less likely to contain sites unless items were intentionally buried in them. Soils likely too old for site preservation have duripans (hardpans), and argillic (clay rich) horizons, while younger soils with a higher potential for preservation are indicated by the lack of a B horizon or the presence of a cambic horizon. Both Holocene alluvial and aeolian units have a higher potential for artifacts as the soils were co-deposited with the local cultural groups. CLASSIFICATIONS FOR BURIED SITE POTENTIAL ARE AS FOLLOW Very low: Soils are underlain by deposits that predate human occupation of the region. Soils that include B horizons, especially if they are argillic or silicic (duripan) horizons are also classified as very low. Additionally, exposed bedrock, borrow pits, heavily eroded or gullied land, or water bodies have a very low potential. Areas of high erosion, water, borrow pits, rock outcrops, or sediments mapped as Pleistocene or older are classified as having a very low potential. Low: Soils are underlain by deposits that predate human occupation of the region, high-energy deposits unlikely to contain cultural materials in a primary context, are residual soils (soils weathered in place above bedrock), or include B horizons. Low-potential areas include Inceptisols. These are formed in residual soils weathered directly from bedrock and, thus, have a 75 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 56 low potential for buried sites. Areas where soils are weathered from bedrock, dissected alluvial fans, and locations where soils are forming on mountains are classified as having a low potential. Medium: Soils are underlain by deposits that are most likely terminal Pleistocene or Holocene in age, possibly have intact buried surfaces, or have sediments that are likely to have been deposited in a low-energy environment. Alluvial fans, fan aprons, valley fills, dissected remnants of alluvial fans, floodplains, and drainages are classified as having a medium potential. High: Soils are underlain by deposits that are most likely terminal Pleistocene or Holocene in age, or sediments represent low-energy deposits, or have a high potential to contain buried intact geomorphic surfaces that could have been used by humans in the past. Alluvial stream terraces and floodplains, terrace escarpments, alluvial fans (fan skirts, fan aprons, and inset fans), and areas with aeolian deposits are classified as having a high potential. RESULTS The Project area is mapped as middle to late Pleistocene old marine to nonmarine deposits and modern artificial fill. The location of the Southern LCW Project area adjacent to the Pacific Ocean and San Gabriel River would have made the area highly appealing for settlement. However, the minimal topography indicates that the area would have likely been marshy and subject to flooding. The slightly raised Landing Hill located to the south and east of the Project area would have been a more likely area to find settlements, as is evident by the many archaeological sites documented. Several soils are present within the Project area, some of which formed in the marsh habitat and others that are introduced to the Project area as fill and denote disturbance (Appendix M, Figure M - 1; USDA-NRCS 2021). SOILS MAPPED OVER ARTIFICIAL FILL At the surface, all areas mapped as artificial fill will have a very low potential as any artifacts present would be not in situ. Soils impacted include Balcom clay loam (112), Bolsa silty clay loam, drained (125), Bolsa, drained (1230LA), and Myford sandy loam (173, 175; Appendix M, Figure M - 1). Based on the geology map, a good portion of the sediments below the artificial fill are probably middle to late Pleistocene old marine to nonmarine deposits (Qom), late Pleistocene to Holocene young alluvial fan deposits (Qya2) associated with the San Gabriel River, late Pleistocene to Holocene young paralic estuarine deposits (Qype), and late Holocene paralic estuarine deposits (Qpe; Appendix C, Figure C - 3). Pleistocene deposits mostly predate human settlement, and both estuary and marine environments are unfavorable to settlement. As such, all of these sediments are assigned a low to very low potential for buried sites. 76 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 57 SOILS MAPPED OVER MIDDLE TO LATE PLEISTOCENE OLD MARINE TO NONMARINE DEPOSITS Unit 112, the Balcom clay loam, is assigned a very low potential for buried sites due to the topography of the adjacent steep slope, the potentially marshy flats, as well as the age of the underlying sediments. Additionally, the presence of B horizons decrease the potential for buried sites. Unit 125, the Bolsa silty clay loam, drained is assigned a low potential for buried sites due to the potentially marshy flats and the age of the underlying sediments. Units 173 and 175, Myford sandy loam, are assigned a very low potential for buried sites due to the topography of the adjacent steep slope, the potentially marshy flats, as well as the age of the underlying sediments. Additionally, the presence of B horizons decrease the potential for buried sites. TRIBAL FEEDBACK As previously stated, in compliance with Mitigation Measure CUL16: Future Native American Input for the PEIR, the LCWA created a Tribal Advisory Group (TAG) to solicit recommendations regarding the Southern LCW Restoration Project. Members of the TAG recommended Tribal members to be interviewed for their cultural knowledge of the area. Mitigation Measure CUL17 of the PEIR states that a Tribal Access Plan will be created “to preserve and enhance tribal members’ access to, and use of, the restoration Project area for religious, spiritual, or other cultural purposes.” The following is a summary of comments, concerns, and information gathered through TAG meetings, site visits and interviews. Further, comments provided in Section 3.15: Tribal Cultural Resources of the PEIR are also included here, as one of the Tongva elders who provided comments passed away in early 2021 and would have been interviewed for her extensive knowledge of salt marshes. PAST USE OF SALT MARSHES A search of the ethnographic record, including the J.P. Harrington and C. Hart Merriam notes, did not turn up any significant description of the use of salt marshes or the Los Cerritos Wetlands by the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) or the Acjachemen. Merriam (n.d.: Roll 8) did record the Luiseno name of the “Salinas” at today’s Redondo Beach as Engva. Historically, Redondo Beach, located 18 miles northwest of the Project area, was well known for the Pacific Salt Works that was established there in 1854 (Gnerre 2010). It was also used by the local Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh). Alfred Kroeber recorded from Jose Zalvidea that the 77 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 58 Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) name of the village was Ongoving (Kroeber 1907: 143). McCawley spells it ‘Ongoovanga (McCawley 1996: 63). Merriam records the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) words for salt as “Ung-er” from Mrs. J.V. Rosemyre, a Tongva woman who lived in Bakersfield, California in 1903. She further stated that the salt made from salt grass was “se’-e-mōt” and that the salt was used for fever (Merriam n.d. 1556: Roll 49). The LCWA met with Julia Bogany of the Gabrieleno/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians, who stated that the Los Cerritos Wetlands was probably used as a “salt works” much like the Redondo area (Coastal Restoration Consultants 2021:61-62). She provided further information as summarized in the PEIR: In the Tongva history, it is known that salt marsh used to exist in this area because their tribe would travel from the ocean to the salt marsh on canoes. The salt marshes were important to the Tongva because throughout prehistoric times, the Tongva traded salt gathered from salt flats in the salt marsh. Multiple stories exist that document the salt trade, for example, the tribe used to trade salt to a hospital in San Bernardino to treat patients. The Los Cerritos Wetlands is the only prehistoric salt marsh left in the area from Pacific Palisades, and the Los Cerritos Wetlands was and continues to be an important cultural resource to the Tongva and Acjachemen tribes (Section 3.15.2.3 of the PEIR). Lowell Bean also documented salt being traded from the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) to the Cahuilla and vice versa ( Figure 3). SALT AS MEDICINE Cindi Alvitre stated that salt was and continues to be an important medicine. I’ll give you an example of that, is I grew up with a father who when we got sick we would go to the ocean, he would gather the salt water, the ocean water––we could do that back in the fifties––and we would, like, use a neti pot and we would breathe it in through our nose…And then at some point we stopped doing it because the water was polluted. And that’s when we started accessing Hawaiian salt. You know the Hawaiian salt is very holy, just like to the Pueblo people it’s (salt) very holy. It’s holy to all people… also we would use it where you take like a tablespoon of salt, good salt, and as hot as you can take the water, if you’re getting the flu or something, and you drink it. And it’ll just––it literally flushes everything out of your system. 78 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 59 Torres also recalls using salt water as medicine. The one thing that sticks out in my mind is, especially with my mom, is using salt water, not necessarily from the ocean, because we couldn’t go down and use the salt water for health, but gargling with salt water all the time when we got sick, you know? And I think it really stems from us traditionally using that salt water for healing in the past, because she would always talk about that, gargle with salt water, gargle with salt water. And so that’s what sticks out in my mind as a child, always having her talking about that whenever we got sick. Alvitre further stated that: …every time there’s a bad kid you just want to bathe him in that water…Bathing in the water was like, not a Christian baptism, but it was a way of rebalancing yourself. So that motivation is always connecting to the water, to that sacredness, that holiness, that place that has so much energy and life. Rocha explains that it is also not just about salt water, but the salt air as well that can be healing. He recalls is mother would say: … it’s not so much salt water, because everything lives in a relationship in the community, you know, air is an organism and salt water with the air. My mom used to call it salt air therapy. Not only does it have the spirit, it kind of makes you mentally stable. You know, you come out here, you breath the air, and that stimulates the body and it gets you focused…You know, it’s––something generates that from inside them and my mom always had the theory of salt air as therapy. If someone was mad, someone was angry, somebody was sad, this was a place we came. And you were good. I mean, it works; it works beautifully. I recommend it. Torres commented that he felt healed being out in the Los Cerritos Wetlands on the day of the interview: … I just came from the desert right now, where it was like 114 degrees. And being back here on the coast with the fog there is something––I mean, I feel healed just being here right now, you know, compared to being out in the desert yesterday. And so, there’s something––I don’t know if it’s just the ions, the ancestors, or just the…––because this is the place where they lived for thousands of generations––and being back home, as opposed to the desert. But there’s 79 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 60 something to be said about––you know, we were talking about this too on the ride, just a while ago. It’s like this fog and this salt in the air, for me it’s healing. FISHING Mr. Rocha recalls the stories that his mother would tell him about the Los Cerritos Wetlands, “So, my mom would talk about the days her uncles used to come out here in a four-man skiff and fish for crab, shrimp, mussels, whatever.” Mr. Teutimez stressed the value of shellfish both as a food source and the value of the shells cultural uses, and would like to get them back into our estuaries. COLLECTING PLANTS AND ANIMALS Dorame stated that her dad Robert told her that he used to eat watercress from the wetlands located on the west side of Los Angeles. …he said his mother would take him to the shore but only let him––put his hands behind his back so he wouldn’t take too much. So he actually had to eat it out of the water with his mouth because it was a means of respecting that you weren’t taking too much of what you could consume in that moment. Alvitre recounted: Like, my father would go into the wetlands. I mean, we were more Newport Back Bay, [those] wetlands. Of course it’s the same wetlands system, but what we’re lacking now is, again, that access and even the use of a lot of those foods because of the denial of access. The birds, the water fowl––that’s a food source. The eggs are a food source. The fish, different kinds of fish that come into the wetlands at high tide and low tide, being able to recognize that and know which one of those are good. Rocha stated that when his family would travel through the area, his mother, Vera, would tell stories of the gifts that could be found within the wetlands. As soon as my mom always asked this question, we knew what was going to become of this conversation. She would say, “Not much pickleweed anymore. We’ve got to get the pickleweed.” My dad would always answer with the same response, “What the heck do we want with that for? It’s poisoned. It’s no good no more.” And my mom would say, “Well, I remember the pickleweed.” I remember her mom telling her stories about how uncles and relatives, ancestors, used to 80 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 61 come out here when the tide rolled out, to see what the tide left them, what presents the tide left them. There were things in abundance back then…But she would tell stories about the baby green sea turtles out here, that you’ll find that they’ll be dropping from the sky because the terns would pick them up. And then the terns would be fighting for them and they’ll be dropping from the sky and you’d have to put them back in the water. There were stories of even fishing for halibut out here and other things: soft shell crab, oysters, mussels. Things were in abundance. When the tide rolled out it left a lot of gifts. And when the eel grass was visible, you know, that was one of the best times to go on an adventure… Additionally, while on the tour of the Project area, Rocha stated that pickleweed was used in the abalone stew his family would make. Rocha mentioned that although his mother would talk about the gifts of the wetlands, they never went in because of the oil drilling and contamination. Table 8 lists a few salt marsh plants that have been identified as used by the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and their uses. The interviewees would like to be able to incorporate these plants into their community once again. Table 8. Selected salt marsh plants Common name Scientific name Tribal Uses Pickleweed Salicornia pacifica Food California sea lavender/ western marsh rosemary Limonium californicum Food; medicine Southern tar plant Centromadia parryi ssp. australis Salt grass Distichlis spicata Used to season food California boxthorn Lycium californicum Edible berries Watercress Nasturtium officinale Food, leaves eaten (personal communication; Dorame 2021) Bladderpod Peritoma arborea Food; flowers boiled (Ramirez and Small 2015: 12-17) Evening primrose Oenothera elata Food; medicine Yebra Mansa Anemopsis californica Medicine; tea used for colds and sore throat (Drake in Ramirez and Small 2015); poultice doe cuts and wounds (Mojado in Ramirez and Small 2015) 81 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 62 Common name Scientific name Tribal Uses Shore grass Distichlis littoralis Eelgrass Zostera marina Food; use of rhizomes, seeds and leaves CURRENT USE OF THE LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS AND SALT MARSHES None of the interviewees or Tribal representatives at the site visit stated that they currently use the Los Cerritos Wetlands or other salt marshes for the collection of plants or animals or other cultural activities. Although Ms. Dorame and her father have close connections to the Ballona Wetlands and have participated in the creation of educational programming and more recently the installation of a monument created to honor the Gabrielino/Tongva ancestors at the Ballona Wetlands Discovery Center ( Figure 32), neither are using the salt marsh to gather plants or for other cultural activities. Figure 32. Monument at the Ballona Discovery Center created by Robert Dorame 82 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 63 FUTURE USE OF SALT MARSHES COLLECTION OF PLANTS AND AANIMALS As previously stated, although the use and connection of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen communities to salt marshes have been cut because of urbanization and colonization, all of the interviewees stated they would like reconnect the community with the salt marsh through the harvesting of plants and animals. Alvitre stated: You know, as Craig [Torres] would say, it’s all about that relational reciprocity. You know, that’s something that is …important––it’s one of our core values as Tongva people is to have that relationship because it’s not a matter of today the practice is very common amongst indigenous people, Native American people, is they just go buy the feathers. They go buy the abalone, or buy this or buy that. I practice it, too; I’m no different than anybody else. And we don’t have a relationship with that which we use. Two or three hundred years ago it was different because you did have a relationship. You had to have a relationship with it, and to disrespect it or to abuse it would have the consequences, would not be very good. So that’s––how do we teach that core value to our young people and to our old people and to all of us, you know, to have those spaces so we can have that relationship with the cormorants and learn about them; so we can learn about those ancient pelicans, you know, the herons, the egrets, the hawks that are here. And oh my gosh there’s so many, many––the black-crowned night heron. What are their stories? You know, the different fish! Nobody––I never hear much people talking about the fish, you know? Sea bass and bonito and clams and mussels and abalone––well, that’s a whole other thing. Mr. Rocha stated that he would like to come out to the wetlands to fish for crab, shrimp, mussels like his mother and her uncles used to. Mr. Teutimez discussed the connection of Puvunga to cottonwoods and the importance of cottonwoods as medicinal plants. …we can talk about Puvungna. What does it mean? Because our names were very indicative of that location. The name explained the whole location, and the name there actually is very specific to me because of where my family grew up, Los Alamitos. Los Alamitos means the little cottonwood. 83 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 64 That’s actually one of the main trees [cottonwood] that I look for, for the medicines that I make for our Tribe….[their] bark has these oily components in it, and that oil was heavily used for healing of cuts, just like Neosporin. HARVESTING SALT Although harvesting salt from a salt marsh or from the salt grass is currently not practiced, all interviewees would like to re-establish those connections and use the salt for medicinal purposes. COLLECTION OF DREDGED SHELL During both the TAG visit and the tour provided to interviewees, Tribal representatives saw piles of large clam and other shell within the Southern LCW Project area. They requested prior to construction that they be allowed to collect the shell for educational and cultural activities. RECONNECTING WITH THE LAND Torres stated that being able to come out to the wetlands to teach the Tongva community how to be human is important. … I always tell people that the animals and the plants are going to teach us how to be human again because we’ve lost that. So that’s the significance to me of this place is being out here physically on the landscape and just sitting here watching, and they will teach you how to behave as human. You know, because we’ve lost so much of what that is and that connection to what has sustained our ancestors for thousands of generations, and we need that. We need that for the healing of our human communities, but also the healing of our relatives, the plant communities, the animal communities, the air, the water––everything. Alvitre agreed when she stated, “That’s kind of the whole point there, too, is for us to re-learn and to reconnect, to renew.” PLACE TO LAUNCH TULE BOATS As stated in the section Past Use of the Salt Marsh above, salt marshes connected the communities from the ocean to the interior using boats, both tule and ti’ats. Currently there is a resurgence in the creation and use of tule boats within the Gabrielino and Acjachemen communities, however due to urbanization, there are not a lot of safe places to practice paddling. For example, members of the Gabrielino, Acjachemen, and greater southern California Native American community members demonstrated the building of a tule boat at the Moompetam American Indian Festival held at the Aquarium of the Pacific, September 24, 2018. After the festival was over, the community lowered the tule boat into the harbor ( Figure 33). While in the water, the paddlers had to contend with not only the private boats pulling and out of their slips but the larger touring Aquaboats that were docking. Since the tule 84 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 65 boat was so small, it was dangerous to paddle. A dozen community members tried paddling over the course of an hour until the boat became waterlogged. As a result, Tongva and Acjachemen community members stated that they would like to use the wetlands to teach the next generation how to paddle and use the boats to collect resources. Using the wetlands in this way would be creating a place where community members could gather, assemble, and build a tule boat and launch it safety into the water. Figure 33. Heidi Lucero (Acjachemen) and Frank Magallanes (Ti’at Society) paddling a tule boat made during the Moompetam American Indian Festival at the Aquarium of the Pacific, September 24, 2018 in the City of Long Beach Rainbow Harbor surrounded by private boats. CO-STEWARDSHIP Having access to collect plant material, conduct ceremony and other cultural activities in the Los Cerritos Wetlands is important. However, the tribal interviewees discussed the idea of co- management (co-steward) the wetlands. Co-stewardship means using methods that are grounded in the Gabrielino’s and Acjachemen’ s relationship to the land and relatives as instructed by their Creator. “These relationships include, but are not limited to, a combination of knowledge, experience, tradition, places, locality, all living and nonliving things, skills, practices, theories, social strategies, moments, spirituality, history, heritage, and more; and may not be fully embraced by people who fail to understand all those dimensions” (NCRS 2010). Co-stewardship also means having the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen community involved in all planning and decision making so that natural processes can be sustained and to ensure that the use by the community does not diminish the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations. 85 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 66 EDUCATION Ms. Bogany, during consultation for the PEIR, stated that she would like to see all members of the Gabrielino/Tongva community be invited to help with “the physical and interpretive design” of the Los Cerritos Wetlands. This would include signage as well as “including actual ‘harvest’ of the salt as a cultural and educational activity” (Moffat and Nichol 2015: 59) Although both Rocha and Torres agreed that the Los Cerritos Wetlands have a lot to teach the public, any educational programming created should first be focused on the Gabrielino/Tongva community. Torres states: Educating our younger generations, specifically Tongva community, on this place and what comes from this place. Reconnecting them to this place, getting them to re-establish their relationship with this place and the nature that comes from this place, and then they become responsible for educating the public about that. Not a place that is filled with non-Native docents that are interpreting it, but our own people, our own communities. And giving them the responsibility and obligation to talk about, ‘this is where your identity comes from; it comes from the land. Without it you’re nothing.’ And getting them to understand that so then they can go out and educate the larger public about this place. Torres stated that he would like to see some type of outdoor classroom that does not affect the landscape or viewshed of the wetlands. “It becomes part of the landscape, you know, instead of being intrusive and being a huge building right there, it becomes so much part of the landscape that you don’t even see it as a building.” Rocha suggested a traditional building like a kiiy. Alvitre stated that any public educational materials created for the wetlands should include discussion of a: … whole history that’s been erased and that history needs to be corrected. And it’s as if we have a responsibility of identifying all these very specific areas and redefining and rearticulating what that use is to the public, because it’s important that our history is recorded…, it’s about the public realizing that the health of the wetlands is also reliant on their behavior and their own practices, right? We’re at that point on our planet right now that people need to change that around, you know? So, it’s almost as if we have a responsibility. Here we are trying to heal our communities and trying to bring back life to our communities, but at the same time we also have that responsibility to share a lot of the information that we can with the public so they renew their relationship with the natural world, that they 86 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 67 have to renew that. It’s everybody’s responsibility, but who has the language for that? Who has the experience and the history? It’s the Tongva. GATHERING PLACE All of the interviewees agreed that a place should be created for the Gabrielino/Tongva community to gather for ceremonies or practice cultural traditions within the wetlands in private. Currently, the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) community must use public parks, campgrounds, beaches, university/college property, and personal backyards to conduct ceremonies. None of these locations are ideal as the possibility of interference, unwanted onlookers, and/or noise from traffic affects the atmosphere that is necessary to conduct the ceremony. Dorame lamented that, “There’s no space where we can go and just have that sovereignty of existence and ceremony and medicine and teaching the next generation.” Rocha felt similarly when he stated: I want to see something that involves family; that involves our drums; involves our rattles. So much not as a pow-wow grounds, but just like a community area where we come together for prayer, morning prayers, you know, tide prayers–– anything. We would like to see something like that, where the sound reverberates and where people won’t complain about a drum…How nice would it be to hear some drums, you know, at this point in time? A nice little primary where the sound can reverberate, where we can appease Mother Earth by song or by poems– –something. Alvitre suggested that a community gathering space would need to accommodate a number of people, she did not give a number, with the possibility of staying overnight. Dorame also suggested that the community space could be used as a healing space. Alvitre further stated that this space should be closed to the public and only be available for Gabrielino community members as having a place open to the public has: … been part of the problem. Like at Puvungna we have it there, but it’s public space and people just wander in and out, you’re doing ceremony. Wherever we’re at people just kind of wander in and out and it’s a distraction. You know, they start asking questions and yeah. And we deserve more than that. Alvitre elaborated that having ceremonies being disrupted in public spaces by people who ask what she is doing, “… changes the energy; it changes even our feelings and our peace. It changes our own peace, that we can’t be comfortable, we can’t feel safe, we can’t feel interfered.” Thus it 87 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 68 becomes important to have that private space, away from the public, to have that peace. LAND CAPABILITY Mr. Teutimez noted how the current state of natural systems affects what can be done in restoring the land. So, when we do coastal restoration, you pretty much have to say, okay, what era do we want to go back in, because in the 1600s this part was a whole different component, and in the 1800s, because the river changed and now it’s flowing this way, it’s a whole different component. So, it’s pretty much whatever the land provides for us is what we’re going to be allowed to revegetate and to help re-heal and put in there. So, we can try and do these other components, but it’s up to the land in terms of how it’s going to take, because that’s just the cycles. You know, we may get a huge flood event and, boom, now we’ve taken off all these layers of stuff and then other developing stuff grows. Or it becomes a ponding area or a ponded area, you know? It’s just, it’s so dynamic it’s hard for us as humans to put it into a box. NURSERY Rocha stated that he would like to see a nursery be created to grow the plants that would be used to restore the area. So I would like to see a dedicated nursery area where we can generate the plants from here to be restored. You know, to the place where they came from, not relocated from somewhere else. Because the medicine stays strong; the spirit stays strong in them. …kids could come and learn how to regenerate plant life that is farmed in this area and contribute back to it instead of taking away. That would be great; I’d like to see that. NAME OF THE PROJECT AREA Both Rocha and Torres commented that it would be great to name the Project area with a Gabrielino/Tongva name. CONCERNS CONTAMINATION Although those interviewed and during the site visit were excited about possibility of using the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands as described above, there were concerns about contamination as a result of the urban runoff and oil extraction. Further, since the area was part of the Hellman 88 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 69 Ranch which was used for agriculture, tribal representatives at the site visit asked if the area has been tested for pesticides and DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). ACCESS One of the major barriers to using areas such as the Los Cerritos Wetlands for cultural practices is the lack of access or the difficulty of gaining access. Los Angeles County urban sprawl has destroyed or significantly impacted areas that were used by the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen community prehistorically and historically. If there are lands that have prime habitat, they are usually privately owned and marked with no trespassing signs. Some tribal community members have jumped over barbed wire fences, parked on the sides of narrow two-lane highways to climb on their truck roof, or hiked for miles to gather plants. These are dangerous actions which can only be done by the young and/or able bodied. These access limitations also do not allow elders or community members with mobility issues to participate in gathering. As explained above, part of a Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh)’s responsibility to our plant, animal and rock relatives is to acknowledge our reciprocal responsibility to them. If elders cannot offer prayers during collection, weed, and trim the plants themselves, they are not fulfilling their relative’s expectations which may cause harm in the future. Thus, it becomes important to have easily accessible plant communities for elders to drive up to or only have a very short walk on a flat and un-rocky trail. All of the interviewees commented that permit applications to use land are lengthy, costly and/or need a lot of lead time to obtain in time for the appropriate season to conduct community gatherings or harvest medicine. Thus, the LCWA should create a process, in collaboration with the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen Tribes, which will allow community members to collect or use the land as easily as possible. This means not requiring permits or providing long term permits (e.g., 5-year permits) at no cost. THE PUVUNGNA TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE As previously stated in the introduction, the Los Cerritos Wetlands complex is significant to the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Juaneño (Acjachemen) tribes. Tribal representatives described the Los Cerritos Wetlands and its surroundings during Tribal consultation of the PEIR as sacred lands. Located in between the villages of Puvungna to the north and Motuucheyngna to the east, all three are considered by Tribes to be part of a larger cultural landscape (Appendix C, Figure C - 10. Location of villages within the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape). Although the LCWA identified the Los Cerritos Wetlands complex as part of a larger cultural landscape as a tribal cultural resource under CEQA, no name was giving to the larger cultural 89 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 70 landscape. This study will use Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape (PTCL) to identify this larger landscape (Appendix C, Figure C - 11). RESEARCH APPROACH Cogstone adheres to using Indigenous Archaeology methods during all work. Indigenous Archaeology was first defined as conducting archaeological research “with, for, and by indigenous people” (Nicholas and Andrews 1997:3). Indigenous Archaeology practitioners have extended this definition to include all work that deals with the indigenous past, present, and future (Martinez 2010). When applied to cultural resources management assessments, this means ensuring the recordation of cultural sites is done in collaboration with indigenous communities so that it captures site use from an indigenous perspective. This includes identifying a site as significant even if it does not meet the significance criteria under the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) and recording culturally significant spaces even if there are no physical remnants on the surface. The CRHR does not provide guidance on identifying traditional cultural landscapes. Although this study will be using an Indigenous Archaeology method to identify resources, this study must also use federal and state regulations to identify, assess and evaluate cultural resources which are described below. TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES In addition to the NRHP criteria listed above, a property may be listed on the National Register based on its traditional cultural significance. Traditional in this context refers to those beliefs, customs, and practices of a living community of people that have been passed down through the generations, usually orally or through practice. The traditional cultural significance of a historic property, then, is significance derived from the role the property plays in a community's historically rooted beliefs, customs, and practices. Examples of properties possessing such significance include: • a location associated with the traditional beliefs of a Native American group about its origins, its cultural history, or the nature of the world; • a rural community whose organization, buildings and structures, or patterns of land use reflect the cultural traditions valued by its long term residents; • an urban neighborhood that is the traditional home of a particular cultural group, and that reflects its beliefs and practices; 90 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 71 • a location where Native American religious practitioners have historically gone, and are known or thought to go today, to perform ceremonial activities in accordance with traditional cultural rules of practice; and • a location where a community has traditionally carried out economic, artistic, or other cultural practices important in maintaining its historic identity. A traditional cultural property, then, can be defined generally as one that is eligible for inclusion in the National Register because of its association with cultural practices or beliefs of a living community that (a) are rooted in that community's history, and (b) are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity of the community (Parker and King 1998:1). The National Register Bulletin 38 (Parker and King 1998) discusses other characteristics to be used when considering a traditional cultural property for its eligibility to the National Register which will be used in this study. IDENTIFYING LANDSCAPES Although a landscape approach to archaeological sites can be traced to the 1920s (Stoddard and Zubrow 1999), its application began in the mid-1970s in Britain as a way to blend field archaeology with landscape history (Aston and Rowley 1974:11; Fleming 1997:267). Since that time, scholars have taken landscape archaeology in a variety of directions. Early archaeological studies viewed the landscape solely as the backdrop onto which material culture was placed. It was seen as a factor that influenced how past peoples arranged themselves, whether by the landscape’s available resources and/or its physical characteristics (i.e., settlement patterns) (Ashmore and Knapp 1999:1; Wandsnider 1992). Recently, scholars have recognized that the landscape is more than just a synonym for the natural environment. Instead, landscapes represent “a way in which… people have signified themselves and their world through their…relationship with nature, and through which they have underlined and communicated their own social role and that of others with respect to external nature” (Cosgrove 1985:13). Also important within a landscape approach is the recognition that the so-called “empty” spaces; areas lacking clusters of material remains or “sites,” are just as significant as those with tangible cultural phenomena (Anschuetz et al. 2001:161; Wobst 2005). Thus, consideration of the entire landscape surrounding an archaeological site, including its physical and metaphysical properties, must be included in order to gain more nuanced understandings of the past. We will have to allow for the ‘natural’ (that is ‘non-artefactual’) and 91 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 72 ‘cultural’ (that is, ‘artefactual’) variables to be enculturated, to be significant to human action, and to articulate, like artifacts, with social life (Wobst 2005:28). The application of landscape theory has been utilized in several California regions and time periods (Allen 2011; Eerkens et al. 2007; Fleming 1997; Kryder-Reid 2007; Laylander and Schaefer 2010; Perry and Delaney-Rivera 2011; Robinson et al. 2011; Whatford 1994). A sub- section of these studies includes understanding how people and places are connected via trails and pathways. For example, the Chuckwalla Valley Prehistoric Trails Network Cultural Landscape study, undertaken by the Bureau of Land Management and the California Energy Commission, was generated in response to the destruction of archaeological sites by recent massive renewable energy development in the California desert. The study aims to understand how “sites that may lack individual distinction” may have “greater significance and research value when contributing to a larger data base” (Laylander and Schaefer 2010). Part of using Indigenous Archaeology methods is recognizing that how archaeologists identify and record areas used by Native Americans does not reflect how the Native American community sees those same spaces. Archaeologists work with the tangible, drawing circles around clusters of artifacts, putting dots on maps, and connecting the dots to understand prehistoric Native American lifeways. Further, archaeologists use various technologies to understand the patterning of the lines, dots, and polygons they created to signify tangible cultural phenomena. This arbitrary boxing of data leads to the misinterpretation of prehistoric settlement patterns, socio-economic connections, and the cosmological significance of an area. Native American communities did not live on dots, in lines or within bounded spaces. Instead, they lived among the hills and mountains, between meandering streams, and around watering holes, all the while surrounded by a landscape given to them by the first beings. The areas used by Native peoples may have had visible and invisible boundaries with tangible and intangible cultural remains. Thus, what is most important for this study is to transcend traditional interpretations of site type, placement and significance, in order to align more squarely with the Native American understandings of how “everything is connected” (Martinez et al. 2012). California state regulations do not provide guidance on identifying cultural landscapes; however, the National Park Service has several bulletins that define different types of landscapes. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has also issued some guidance. Both are briefly described below. LANDSCAPE DEFINITIONS The five types of historic properties identified in the NHPA were further categorized by NPS - 28: Cultural Resource Management Guideline (National Park Service 1998) based on common 92 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 73 attributes for the ease of management: archeological resources, cultural landscapes, structures, museum objects, and ethnographic resources (NPS 1998). Of importance to this study are the categories of cultural landscapes and ethnographic resources. According to the Management Guideline: Cultural landscapes are settings we have created in the natural world. They reveal fundamental ties between people and the land–ties based on our need to grow food, give form to our settlements, meet requirements for recreation, and find suitable places to bury our dead. Landscapes are intertwined patterns of things both natural and constructed: plants and fences, watercourses and buildings…They are special places: expressions of human manipulation and adaptation of the land. Ethnographic resources are basic expressions of human culture and the basis for continuity of cultural systems. A cultural system encompasses both the tangible and the intangible. It includes traditional arts and native languages, religious beliefs and subsistence activities. Some of these traditions are supported by ethnographic resources: special places in the natural world, structures with historic associations, and natural materials. Preservation Brief 36 “Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes” (Birnbaum 1994) defines four general types of cultural landscapes: historic sites, historic designated landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes, and ethnographic landscapes. Ethnographic landscapes are those that contain “a variety of natural and cultural resources that associated people define as heritage resources” (Birnbaum 1994:2). The Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape and its use by the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) would be considered an ethnographic landscape. ADVISORY COUNCIL ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION GUIDANCE Although Bulletin 38 supports the nomination of and the National Register includes traditional cultural landscapes, the guidelines are vague with many cultural resources practitioners not knowing how to identify and nominate cultural landscapes to the NRHP. As a result, the Preserve America Summit Panel (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 2007:19) recommended in its report that Bulletin 38 should be reviewed and/or revised in order to address these concerns. Additionally, with the increase of the renewable energy projects and their possible effects on Native American sacred landscapes as identified through the Section 106 consultation process, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) created a traditional cultural landscapes initiative and adopted an action plan in November 2011. The action plan also suggested that Bulletin 38 be revised and recommended raising awareness within the 93 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 74 preservation community about the existence and importance of Native American traditional cultural landscapes by developing tools to assist all participants in their recognition (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 2011, 2012a, 2012b). Although official guidance for the identification of landscapes is currently still under development, this report will use current scholarship in landscape studies to identify and understand the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex and surrounding areas as a cultural landscape. BACKGROUND GABRIELINO (GABRIELEÑO, TONGVA) RELATIONSHIP TO THE LAND: MAXAAX3 To better understand how the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) have used, are using, or may use the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex, one must understand the Gabrielino’s (Gabrieleño, Tongva) relationship to the land. This relationship started with the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) creation as Craig Torres, a Tongva cultural educator, recounts: Tongva Creation narratives convey that a pre-human ‘Amuupavetam (First People) during a time of great earth changes, transformed themselves and became the landscape of the Middle World, Upper World and Lower Worlds…we are all connected. Human Beings were the last to emerge and appear on the landscape and were the most vulnerable of all creation. Because of the “gifts” and sacrifices made by the ‘Amuupavetam, humans reciprocated a responsibility and obligation to be part of and care take the whole of nature. Human existence on Mother Earth was only possible because certain beings enabled others to survive through their very existence. Reciprocal relationships of giving, gifting, swapping, and sharing embedded in the Tongva word maxaax and practiced with all of the nature…rock/stone, plant, animal, and air, water, fire and earth ( Figure 34; Torres n.d.a). For the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) everything around them is seen as a relative (i.e., water, air, land, rocks, animals, plants, etc.), not resources to be used by humans. This view recognizes the reciprocal relationship that was established at creation. Mr. Torres also teaches that before sustainability protocols such as the “reduce, reuse and recycle” campaign can be implemented, people need to know the other three R’s: Recognition, Respect, and Responsibility ( 3. This section does not reflex the views of the Kizh. 94 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 75 Figure 35). In other words, the public needs to recognize the indigenous people of the land, the original caretakers and recognize the special relationship as described above. This also includes ensuring, as LWCA is doing through this study, that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) can continue this relationship unfettered. The second R stands for respect; respect that the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) and their relatives have co-evolved with each other for thousands of years. The last R stands for responsibility, that the public and the Tongva have a responsibility to the relatives to protect their habitat and ensure their continued survival. As a result of these teachings, the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) community is looking for spaces and places where they can fulfill the obligations given to them through their oral traditions. The Gabrielino (Gabrieleño, Tongva) community is looking to re-establish and/or strengthen their relationships to the land and relatives. This would include space to plant, tend, harvest, etc. plants. Figure 34. Relationships to relatives (Torres n.d.a) Relational ~Reciprocity 95 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 76 Figure 35. The other three Rs (Torres n.d.b). PUVUNGNA The location of the creation of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and the Acjachemen was at Puvungna, an important ceremonial center located north of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex area. Portions of the National Register for Historic Places (NRHP)-listed Puvungna Indian Villages lay on the campuses of California State University, Long Beach, the Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System (VALBHS), and Rancho Los Alamitos Historic Ranch and Gardens (see Appendix C, Figure C - 10). In Tongva puvu = big ball of people, ngna = place of (personal communication, Craig Torres). According to Boscana (1846:32, 33), in versions of the coastal creation story documented from the Acjachemen (Juañeno) but also applicable to the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh), two The Other 3 Rs the indigenous of t h e a rea , f f f , to ensure the continuance of natrve indigenous species 96 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 77 influential deities, Ouiot, the monster-chief, and Chingichngish, the supreme-creator god, emerged, at different times, at the village of Puvungna with Ouiot being burned there and Chingichngish dying there. Millikan and Hildebrandt (1997:15) summarize of the roles of Ouiot and Chingichngish in the origin stories among the Juaneño, Luiseño, and Gabrielino: [T]hree successive sets of power entities or beings were involved with the creation of the world and institution of religious life. The first generation, a brother/sister set of entities took the form of sky and earth. They created the second generation, the First People, entities whose essences are now found in certain animals, certain ritual objects, and certain rocks, hills, and mountains. One of those entities, Ouiot (Wiyut), became the “captain” or “father” of all the First People. Following the death of Ouiot, the First People assumed their present forms and humans as we know them were created. Chingichngish, the third generation of power entities, appeared among people for a short time as a teacher. He remains active in the background of existence, as the source of both positive power and punishment for behavior. After Ouiot was killed, a very large gathering of Ouiot’s people cremated his body at Puvungna. After the ceremonies, Chingichngish appeared and taught the people laws and established the rites and ceremonies needed for the preservation of life (Boscana 1846:33). He also taught the people what to wear, how to heal the sick, how to build the ceremonial structure (yovaar), how to rear the children, and how to live according to his laws (Boscana 1846:33-34). The toloache ritual, which involved the ingestion of the intoxicating Datura meteloides (also known as Jimson weed), was also associated with the Chingichngish belief system. Although Boscana identified the Chingichngish belief system as having begun at Puvungna, others have recorded its origination from either Santa Catalina Island or San Clemente Island (Kroeber 1925:621-622). A Luiseño informant told Dubois (1908) that the Chingichngish religion came from the north, then to Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands, to San Juan Capistrano, to San Luis Rey, and finally to the San Diego Kumeyaay/Diegueno territory. The spread of this belief system likely followed the same routes that goods and other cultural ideas followed. Some scholars argue that the Chingichngish belief system originated post-contact based on its similarities to Christian themes and motifs (Bean and Vane 1978:699; Lepowsky 2004). The village site was still known historically as it was occupied at least until 1805 as evident by baptisms of individuals from the village at San Gabriel Mission and San Juan Capistrano (Harrington 1934:149). 97 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 78 In the original NRHP nomination of the Puvungna Indian Villages, archaeological sites CA- LAN- 234, CA-LAN-235 and CA-LAN-306 were identified as being the best representative sites to represent Puvungna on the register (Dixon 1973). Both CA-LAN- 234 and CA-LAN-235 are identified as being located on the CSU, Long Beach and VA campuses and CA-LAN-306 is located at Rancho Los Alamitos. However, Dixon mentions that the location of Puvungna moved through time, on the small hill that overlooks swamps and marshes. As a result, the Gabrieleño/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians has identified that the location of Puvungna includes: CA-LAN-102, CA-LAN-231 thru 236, CA-LAN-270 and 271, CA-LAN- 273 thru 275, CA-LAN-306, CA-LAN- 699 thru 705, CA-LAN-830 and 831, CA-LAN-1000 thru 1007. Most of these are located on CSULB campus, the furthest away being CA-LAN-270 (known as the Los Altos site) which is located 1 mile north of campus (3.9 miles north-northwest of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex). The portion of Puvungna that is located on the CSULB campus continues to be used by the Gabrielino/Tongva, Acjachemen and greater Native American community. Community gatherings, ceremonies, classes, and other cultural activities are held on site ( Figure 36 and Figure C - 11). Ancestor poles, wooden poles in honor of Gabrielino and Acjachemen Tribal members that have passed away, dot the area. Figure 36. Prayer pole decorated for solstice at Puvungna at CSULB. 98 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 79 Figure 37. Discussions at Puvungna at CSULB with Tongva walk participants, July 20, 2019. Figure 38. Reburial at Puvungna at CSULB in 2016 (left to right) Steve Villa, CSU Chancellor Timothy White, CSULB President Jane Close Conoley, NAGPRA Coordinator Cindy Alvitre, CSULB’s Director of American Indian Studies Craig Stone and NAGPRA Chair Louis Robles Jr. (Daily 49’er 2016). The reburial of Gabrielino ancestors, repatriated from museums under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) have recently occurred within the boundaries of the Puvungna village site outside the Southern LCW Project area as well (Figure C - 10). 99 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 80 MOTUUCHEYNGNA As previously stated, Motuucheyngna village has been identified as being located to the east and outside the Southern LCW Project area on what is now called Heron Point, a residential community that was built in the early 2000s, located on Landing Hill (Appendix C, Figure C - 10; Cleland et al. 2007). Motuuchey was identified by Harrington informant Jose de la Santos Juncos as being located at “El Puerto de los Alemanes [Port of the Germans]” also known as Anaheim Landing. Motuuchey was reported to mean flea in Gabrielino (Harrington 1986:R104 F24). In 1997, the Hellman Properties LLP proposed a mixed residential development located on Landing Hill. The city of Seal Beach had prepared an EIR for the Hellman Ranch Specific Plan which identified that the archaeological sites that were located within the Southern LCW Restoration Project area would be adversely affected and thus a testing and data recovery plan was created and carried out by EDAW in 2001. During construction grading in 2002, two Native American remains were identified within the boundaries of ORA-264 by the Native American monitor (Cleland et al. 2007:5). Construction was halted by the CCC until a Supplemental Mitigation Plan (SMP) could be drafted. At total of 6 sites were tested and data recovered (CA- ORA-260-264 and ORA-1472). Work outlined within the SMP was conducted from 2003 to 2005. Thirty-five individuals were removed. The ancestors and all cultural items were reburied within a cultural easement located within the Heron Point parcel. Radiocarbon and obsidian hydration dates taken at all of the sites tested showed that the area was first occupied by at least 6380 cal BP (4430 B.C.), the Millingstone 2 period with the last occupation occurring at 530 cal BP (1420 A.D.) (Cleland et al. 2007:52). Sites CA-ORA-260- 264, CA-ORA-850-852, and ORA-1472 are considered the Motuucheyngna Village and was identified as a sacred land to the Native American Heritage Commission in 2019 by the Gabrieleño/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians. As part of the SMP, a Cultural Preservation Area was created over the area of the highest density of burials with tribal access to it in perpetuity. The Hellman Ranch Trail was created that links Heron Point to Gum Grove Park. Interpretative signage and a gathering circle were also created (Figure C - 9 and Figure C - 8). Members of the Gabrielino(Gabrieleño, Tongva) and greater Native American community have used the gathering circle as a meeting place. 100 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 81 Figure 39. Sign along the Hellman Ranch trail. Figure 40. Overview of gathering place created along the trail connecting Heron Point and Gum Grove Park From the Mountains to the Sea Landing Hill io; wi1hin th<' rcrriton of rhe GabricJino Tong\.·,,, \\ho lived along lhl• coasr frorn roughly Malihu to Ali<,,o Creek, inland to the San Gabriel \1ountaim and Ri\'crsidc, ,tnd on rhe islands of Santa Carnlina. ",an Nicol,1,, ,in<l San Clem<'nte. The Gabri<'lino Tongva peoph.• had .:u:c:t>S\ a rich varil'tv of natural resources, and. of che region'~ \.\c,1hh1C\t vill<1g<''i were ~o,nr _ di~ram.·e \\,b u\C"d pri111.tr1I,-hJ 101 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 82 CONNECTION BETWEEN LOS CERRITOS WETLANDS COMPLEX, PUVUNGNA AND MOTUUCHEYNGNA The investigation of the ethnographic record did not identify any specific information on the Los Cerritos Wetlands or connections between these three locations; however, four tribal interviewees did state that the three places were probably connected based on the documented settlement patterns and knowledge of the trade routes in the area. As summarized in the Tribal Feedback section above, Ms. Bogany stated that the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex was the connector from the ocean to Puvungna and Motuucheyngna. Mr. Rocha also talked about how the Gabrielino used the rivers, in particular the San Gabriel River, in this instance to connect to other villages throughout Gabrielino Territory. Mr. Rocha said: I don’t have no information on the villages, exactly. But I know that the river itself was made, uh, made a route for trade and commerce within the Native community. You could canoe or kayak from one point to another relatively pretty easy. Within a span of two and a half hours you could be here from the heart of San Gabriel Valley, by canoe. So, there are a lot of resources that grow here and only here, like the pickleweed, were relatively desired by the other Native communities. You know, this was a big source of trade as well. Like I said, the water, those were our freeways back in the day, you know? Even the freeways run along them now show the same route and usefulness, basically, but just on a different kind of media. So, if we look at it from that point of view, yeah, the water is how they connected us as a community with the other communities: the water community and Earth communities. It played a big role, a huge role, I would say; absolutely, yes. As much as you would need a transponder to take a freeway nowadays, yeah, that’s how important they were to us, in comparison. Mr. Torres concurred: And so I don’t know how some of the villages are connected, but I can guarantee you that they were connected to each other. You know, if you’re looking at sources of life, like the food sources and any other source that was abundant in one area, you know people were trading it because people weren’t isolated. You look at the trade networks that connected us from the islands going all the way up to Mojave and who knows how far south. But that tells you right there that people were trading. So, if they were trading that far you know the villages connected up here were trading extensively. Because that’s part of your survival. I mean that’s just common sense to me is like, you know, you don’t stand isolated, alone, and live in your community by yourself. You’re constantly trading with other people, so yeah, the communities were definitely connected. In what ways? I don’t- 102 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 83 know,- but that’s where archaeology will tell you whatever you’re finding in the site, that’s what the people were trading. And so (clears throat), it’s important to think about that because I’m always telling people that when you look at a map of California Indians and you see these nice little outlines, you know, that’s not the way our people were organized. It’s more like a connect the dots where you have one village connected to another, to another, to another, and it extends further out based on intermarriage, trade relationships, ceremony––all these things that were connecting people way out in the desert, way down south. So, definitely these communities were connected to each other. During Tribal consultation conducted by the CCC for the Coastal Development Permit for the Los Cerritos Wetland Oil Consolidation and Restoration Project (State Clearinghouse Number 2016041083), a number of representatives attested to the sacredness of the Los Cerritos Wetlands and its connection to Puvungna and Motuucheyngna. In 2017, tribal representatives of the Gabrieleno-Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians, as well as a member of the Acjachemen Tribe described the project site as “sacred lands that are part of a larger area of connected tribal sites that constitute a Tribal Cultural Landscape that may be eligible for listing by the National Register as a Tribal Cultural Property. This Tribal Cultural Landscape includes several significant tribal sites and resources in close proximity to the project site, including the site of Puvungna, the Rancho Los Alamitos (Long Beach area), Hellman Ranch property [i.e. the Heron Point residential community] (immediately on the other side of the San Gabriel River, in Seal Beach) (CCC 2018: 125). In 2018, representatives of the Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation stated that the Los Cerritos Wetlands area is a sacred land, just as all land, water and animals are sacred (CCC 2018: 125). EVALUATING THE PUVUNGNA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Following National Register Bulletin 38 APPROACH National Register Bulletin 38 provides guidelines for identifying TCPs and determining whether they meet the National Register Criteria for Evaluation (36 CFR 60.4). This part of the report applies these guidelines to the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape. 103 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 84 THE PUVUNGNA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AS A "PROPERTY" National Register Bulletin 38 states that the first step in evaluating a traditional cultural place for National Register eligibility is to determine if the entity under consideration is a “property.” The definition of a “property” is as follows (National Register 1990:9): (T)he National Register does not include intangible resources themselves. The entity evaluated must be a tangible property -- that is, a district, site, building, structure, or object. The Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape is clearly a "property" -- physical real estate made up of publicly and privately owned parcels. NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA National Register Bulletin 38 says that determining whether the property has “integrity” is the second step in evaluation. In order to be eligible for inclusion in the NRHP, a property must have “integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association” (36 CFR Part 60). There are two distinct aspects of integrity that must be shown for the property to be included in the National Register. (1) Does the property have an integral relationship to traditional cultural practices or beliefs? (2) Is the condition of the property such that the relevant relationships survive? INTEGRITY OF RELATIONSHIP Assessing the integrity of the relationship between a property and the beliefs or practices that may give it significance involves understanding how the group that holds the beliefs or carries out the practices is likely to view the property. If the property is known or likely to be regarded by a traditional cultural group as important in the retention or transmittal of a belief, or to the performance of a practice, the property can be considered to have an integral relationship with the belief or practice, and vice-versa. Although this study did not document any new information on the connection between the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex, and the villages of Puvungna and Motuucheyngna the PTCL is important in the maintenance of Gabrielino and Acjachemen identity and the instruction of future generations in their cultural history. Through hard fought protests and negotiations with the landowners of CSULB, Rancho Los Alamitos and Heron Point, Gabrielino and Acjachemen 104 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 85 tribal members have access and use these spaces and places for community gatherings, ceremony and other traditional practices. Although access to the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex have been cut within the last 50+ years, tribal members share their family’s use of the area for traditional food and cultural practices as well as its connection to Puvungna and Motuucheyngna. Further, as discussed above, Tribal interviewees and Tribal representatives, during consultation with the CCC, see the PTCL as significant to their Tribes. Based on these elements, the integrity of the relationship exists. INTEGRITY OF CONDITION The question of physical alteration to a property is addressed as follows (National Register 1990:10). Like any other kind of historic property, a property that once had traditional cultural significance can lose such significance through physical alteration of its location, setting, design, or materials. As has happened to many swaths of land in Southern California, the surface of the PTCL has changed over time and is definitely not the same as when Ouiot created the ‘Amuupavetam or when Chingichngish came and instructed the Gabrielino and Acjachemen on how to live. Bulletin 38 emphasizes that (National Register 1990:10): … the integrity of traditional cultural properties must be considered with reference to the views of traditional practitioners; if its integrity has not been lost in their eyes, it probably has sufficient integrity to justify further evaluation. Tribal interviewees and Tribal representatives, during consultation with the CCC, have stated that the PTCL is still significant to their community, even with all the changes. NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA The third step prescribed by Bulletin 38 is to evaluate a property against the National Register Criteria (36 CFR 60.4). The PTCL is clearly associated with significant events in the traditional history and cultural life of the Gabrielino and Acjachemen Tribes. As previously discussed, the villages of Puvungna (represented by CA-LAN- 234, CA-LAN-235 and CA-LAN-306) is already listed on the National Register because it is the place of emergence of the Gabrielino and Acjachemen into this world. However, that nomination identified only three sites to represent Puvungna and did not connect it to other sites, both habitation and subsistence sites, that are part of the manifestation of the Puvungna use area. The Gabrieleño/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians has identified CA-LAN-102, CA-LAN-231 thru 236, CA-LAN-270 and 271, CA-LAN-273 thru 275, CA-LAN-306, CA-LAN- 699 thru 705, CA-LAN-830 and 831, CA- 105 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 86 LAN-1000 thru 1007 as part of the Puvungna Village sites and has described the connection between Puvungna, Motuucheyngna (aka Puvungna East) and the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex. All of these qualify PTCL for inclusion in the National Register under Criterion A. Although it is not necessary for a property to meet more than one of the National Register Criteria in order to be eligible for the NRHP, it could be argued that the PTCL is eligible under Criterion B for its association with historically significant “people,” in this case Ouiot and Chingichngish, the creator and an important leader in Gabrielino and Acjachemen history. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS Step four in the evaluation process, according to Bulletin 38, is to determine whether any of the National Register “criteria considerations” apply. These “considerations” describe circumstances under which a property that might otherwise be eligible is not eligible. In effect they are criteria of ineligibility, but each allows for exceptions under which properties that might appear ineligible under the considerations are in fact eligible (Parker and King 1993:32). Consideration A says that a “religious property” -- one owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes – “requires additional justification” in determining eligibility “because of the necessity to avoid any appearance by government about the merit of any religion or belief.” Bulletin 38 notes that applying this consideration can be “fraught with the potential for ethnocentrism and discrimination,” noting that “(a)pplying the ‘religious exclusion’ without careful and sympathetic consideration to properties of significance to a traditional cultural group can result in discriminating against the group by effectively denying the legitimacy of its history and culture” (National Register 1990:13). Although many Native American cultures, including the Gabrielino and Acjachemen, see “religion” as inextricably interwoven with culture and history, the PTCL is not a religious property and thus is not disqualified under Criteria Consideration A. Considerations B (relocated properties), C (birthplaces and graves), D (cemeteries), E (reconstruction), F (commemoration) and G (significance achieved within the last fifty years) do not apply to the PTCL. SUMMARY The PTCL meets the criteria of eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and has sufficient integrity to justify being regarded as eligible for the Register. The area is recommended eligible for the National Register as a Traditional Cultural Property. Since it is recommended for the National Register, it is automatically recommended as eligible for the CRHR. 106 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 87 CALIFORNIA REGISTER EVALUATION To be eligible for the CRHR a resource must: 1. be associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history; 2. be associated with the lives of significant persons of the past; 3. embody distinctive characteristics of type, period, or method of construction or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic value, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity those components may lack individual distinction; or 4. yielded or may likely yield information important in history or prehistory. In addition to having significance using the above criteria, resources must have “integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association” to the period of significance. The period of significance is the date or span of time within which significant events transpired, or significant individuals made their important contributions. Integrity is the authenticity of a historical resource’s physical identity as evidenced by the survival of characteristics or historic fabric that existed during the resource’s period of significance. Alterations to a resource or changes in its use over time may have historical, cultural, or architectural significance. Simply, resources must retain enough of their historic character or appearance to be recognizable as historical resources and to convey the reasons for their significance. Six new cultural resources and three previously recorded sites are located within the Southern LCW Restoration Project area. ISOLATES Two prehistoric isolates, 2021_08_05_SD.1-I (one piece of obsidian debitage) and 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I (prehistoric isolate consisting of 1 prehistoric exfoliated granitic unifacial mano and an exfoliated chalcedony scraper), were identified within the Southern LCW Restoration Project area. Extended Phase I testing in September/October 2022 confirmed that these resources lie upon imported fill and have no associated subsurface cultural deposits. Isolates are not eligible for listing on the CRHR and need no further consideration. 107 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 88 NEWLY RECORDED SITES 2021_08_06_SD.1 is a historic-age refuse site consisting of two piles of wood planks and boards, a pile of broken concrete, and some metal scraps. The wood and concrete exhibited no diagnostic features and did not extend subsurface. Based on the fieldwork, recordation, and background research conducted on this site, the site is recommended as not eligible for inclusion on the CRHR. No information has been found to suggest that this site is directly associated with events or persons that are significant in local, state, or national history (CRHR Criteria 1 and 2). There are no elements recorded for the site that would qualify as significant under CRHR Criterion 3. All data was collected when this resource was recorded, exhausting its potential to provide important information about prehistory within the region, state, or nation (CRHR Criterion 4). No further work is needed. 2021_08_06_SD.2 is a historic-age refuse site consisting of deteriorated red bricks, a pile of tile fragments, and a historic soda fired ceramic pipe sherd. The bricks, tile fragments and ceramic sherd do not exhibit diagnostic features and the site did not extend subsurface. Based on the fieldwork, recordation, and background research conducted on this site, the site is recommended as not eligible for inclusion on the CRHR. No information has been found to suggest that this site is directly associated with events or persons that are significant in local, state, or national history (CRHR Criteria 1 and 2). There are no elements recorded for the site that would qualify as significant under CRHR Criterion 3. All data was collected when this resource was recorded, exhausting its potential to provide important information about prehistory within the region, state, or nation (CRHR Criterion 4). No further work is needed. 2021_08_06_SD.3 is a prehistoric site consisting of a lithic scatter of a quartz flake, a modified tool of pink quartzite, and a gray quartzite scraper. Although the site contains two tools that may be indicative of resource processing site, the artifacts lay on the surface of documented fill consisting of sediments from the dredging of the San Gabriel River (Appendix M, Figure M - 1). Extended Phase I testing in September/October 2022 found one lithic flake and four potential lithic flakes below surface but these were in context with modern plastic trash debris. No intact prehistoric cultural deposit was found associated with the resource. Presence of modern debris below the surface confirms that the surface artifacts are in secondary context Based on the fieldwork, recordation, background research, and phase I testing conducted on this site, the site is recommended as not eligible for inclusion on the CRHR. No information has been found to suggest that this site is directly associated with events or persons that are significant in local, state, or national history (CRHR Criteria 1 and 2). There are no elements recorded for the site that would qualify as significant under CRHR Criterion 3. All data was collected when this 108 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 89 resource was recorded exhausting its potential to provide important information about prehistory within the region, state, or nation (CRHR Criterion 4). No further work is needed. HELLMAN CHANNEL Theme: Water conveyance system-Drainage Period of Significance: ca. 1928-1976 This channel is associated with the historic theme of a water conveyance system (drainage ditch) located within the boundaries of the e Hellman Ranch which functioned as a successful cattle ranch and farming enterprise for multiple decades. The Hellman Channel is an unlined gravity fed system which is considered unremarkable in its construction or design. While this channel is associated with the Hellman Ranch, it was constructed eight years after the passing of the ranch’s owner, I.W. Hellman in 1920. It is believed that this drainage ditch was constructed primarily for the support of the oil wells which were active nearby. This segment of the Hellman Channel still retains most of its integrity of Location, Design, Materials, Workmanship, and Feeling. While the channel is no longer used in conjunction with the operations of the former Hellman Ranch, it still retains is use as a drainage ditch, therefore it retains some of its integrity of Association. There is notable loss of the channel’s integrity of Setting due to visible development of residences along the southern boundary of the Los Cerritos Wetlands. Based on the fieldwork, recordation, and background research conducted on this site, the site is recommended as not eligible for independent inclusion on the NRHP or CRHR. No information has been found to suggest that this site is directly associated with events or persons that are significant in local, state, or national history (NRHP Criteria A and B or the CRHR Criteria 1 and 2). There are no elements recorded for the site that would qualify as significant under NRHP Criterion C or the CRHR Criterion 3. All data was collected when this resource was recorded, exhausting its potential to provide important information about prehistory within the region, state, or nation (NRHP Criterion on D or the CRHR Criterion 4). No further work is needed. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES P-30-000256 (LANDING HILL #1) was recorded as a prehistoric habitation site with milling stones located on Landing Hill. The site was surface collected for many years prior to being recorded and much of it has been destroyed by development (McKinney 1969a based on information from Redwine 1959). The portion of the site within the LCW Project area was revisited and no cultural resources were identified. Based on the fieldwork, recordation, and background research conducted on this site, the site is recommended as not eligible for inclusion on the CRHR. No information has been found to suggest that this site is directly associated with 109 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 90 events or persons that are significant in local, state, or national history (CRHR Criteria 1 and 2). There are no elements recorded for the site that would qualify as significant under CRHR Criterion 3. No intact cultural deposits were identified, thus it does not have the potential to provide important information about prehistory within the region, state, or nation (CRHR Criterion 4). No further work is needed. P-30-000258 (LANDING HILL #3) AND P-30-000260 The portions of P-30-000258 (habitation site) and P-30-000260 (seasonal camp) within the Southern LCW Project area were not surveyed as they were covered by dense vegetation. As a result, both sites could not be evaluated for listing on the CRHR. It is recommended that these sites be avoided until such time they can be evaluated for the CRHR. CONCLUSIONS This study was conducted to determine the potential impacts to cultural resources during the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project (Project) as well as to document the Los Cerritos Wetlands Traditional Cultural Landscape, as named in the PEIR and now known as the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape (PTCL). The Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority (LCWA) is the lead agency under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). This Project is located within the southern portion of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex, on the border of Los Angeles and Orange counties, and affords the opportunity to restore salt marsh, seasonal wetlands, and other freshwater wetlands within an approximately 503-acre area. The Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex adjoins the lower reach of the San Gabriel River where, prior to channelization, the mouth of the San Gabriel River migrated back and forth across the coastal plain. Historically, the complex covered approximately 2,400 acres and stretched approximately two miles inland, varying from freshwater and brackish wetlands in its inland areas to salt marsh closer to the ocean. For this study, Cogstone requested a supplementary cultural records search from the South Central Coastal Information Center extending the search radius to three miles around the Los Cerritos Complex, completed background research and attempted consultation with historic societies, performed limited pedestrian survey including site recordation, and collected oral histories from members of Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) Tribes. These efforts gathered data for a cultural resources assessment of the Project area, prehistoric and historic documentation of the Los Cerritos Wetlands, and an CRHR/NRHP eligibility evaluation of the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape (PCTL; see Appendix C, Figure C - 11) as a traditional cultural property (TCP). 110 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 91 Nine cultural resources are located within the Southern LCW Restoration Project area. Six of these are newly recorded as part of this Project, and three were previously recorded. The newly recorded resources consist of two prehistoric cultural isolates (2021_08_05_SD.1-I and 2021_08_28_DRM_1.I) that were tested in September/October 2022 and confirmed to not have accompanying intact cultural deposits, two historic-aged refuse sites (2021_08_06_SD.1 and 2021_08_06_SD.2), a prehistoric lithic scatter site (2021_08_06_SD.3) also tested in September/October 2022 and found not to contain intact cultural deposits, and the Hellman Channel. Three previously recorded sites include P-30-000256 (Landing Hill #1), P-30-000258 (Landing Hill #3), and P-30-000260. All newly identified resources were recorded using DPR 523 series forms. Cultural isolates are not eligible for inclusion on the CRHR and need no further consideration. The remaining newly identified resources were evaluated for CRHR eligibility and are recommended as not eligible for listing in the CRHR. The Hellman Channel was also evaluated for NRHP eligibility and is recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No further work is recommended for any of these resources. The previously recorded, P-30-000256 (Landing Hill #1) was revisited, surveyed, and revaluated using DPR 523 series forms. As no cultural resources were found during this visit, this site is also recommended as not eligible for listing in the CRHR, and no further work is recommended. The remaining two previously recorded sites, P-30-000258 (Landing Hill #3), and P-30-000260, are covered by dense vegetation and could not be visited or reevaluated as part of this Project. These sites should be avoided until they can be evaluated for CRHR listing eligibility. Oral histories collected from members of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) Tribes, and other data collected and reviewed for this Project, indicate that the PTCL qualifies as a TCP under the four-part guidelines contained within National Register Bulletin 38. The guidelines consist of whether the potential TCP is a property; is an integral relationship between the group and the property; is in a condition to sustain the relationship; meets at least one of the criteria for listing in the NRHP; meet any of the criteria conditions that would make an otherwise eligible property not eligible for listing the NRHP. The landscape is physical real estate comprised of public and private land and therefore qualifies as a “property.” The property is integral to the beliefs of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen Tribes and in a condition that these relationships survive. The PTCL satisfies NRHP eligibility Criterion A as it is clearly associated with significant events in the traditional history and cultural life of the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen Tribes. The PTCL is not a religious property nor does it meet any of the other National Register Eligibility Considerations that would disqualify an otherwise eligible property. Thus, the PTCL is recommended as eligible for the CRHR/NRHP. 111 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 92 In lieu of new or additional mitigation measures, the Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority should continue Native American consultation with the Gabrielino (Gabrieleño; Tongva; Kizh) and Acjachemen Tribes on an ongoing basis in order to mitigate any negative effects on the PTCL. 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Webb, Edith Buckland 1983 Indian Life at the Old Missions. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. Whatford, J. C. 1994 Patterns on the Land: Landscape Archaeology at Annadel State Park. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 7:159-164. Wiley, Nancy Anastasia [Desautels] 2012 The Bolsa Chica Archaeological Project Prehistoric Research Design “Compendium of Themes and Models: A Research Design for Analysis.” Bolsa Chica Technical Series, No.1. Scientific Resource Survey, Inc. Orange, California. Wobst, M. 2005 Artifacts as Social Interference: The Politics of Spatial Scale. In Confronting Scale in Archaeology: Issues of Theory and Practice, edited by G. Lock and B. L. Molyneaux, pp. 55-66. Springer, New York. Works Project Administration (WPA) 1936 Map of Orange County Artesian Water Belt Manuscript on file, First American Title Insurance Company, Santa Ana, California. Yatsko, Andrew 2000 Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Stress and Prehistoric Human Occupation on San Clemente Island. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 128 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 109 APPENDIX A. QUALIFICATIONS 129 Cogstone 110 DESIREÉ RENEÉ MARTINEZ Task Manager EDUCATION 1999 M.A., Anthropology (Archaeology), Harvard University, Cambridge 1995 B.A., Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS Ms. Martinez is a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) with 24 years of experience in archaeological fieldwork, research, and curation. She has expertise in the planning, implementation, and completion of all phases of archaeological work and has participated in archaeological investigations as a principal investigator, crew member, and tribal monitor. She exceeds the national standards in archaeology set by the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation. She is accepted as a Principal Investigator for prehistoric and historic archaeology by the State Office of Historic Preservation. Her experience also includes compliance with CEQA, NEPA, NHPA Sec. 106, NAGPRA, SB 18, AB 52, California General Order 131 -D exemption, and other cultural resource laws. Ms. Martinez has managed technical assessments and prepared cultural resources sections for EIR and EIS documents. SELECTED EXPERIENCE Deep Soil Mixing Pilot Project, Community of Pacific Palisades, Los Ange les County, CA. As part of an on-call contract with the Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering (LABOE), Cogstone provided cultural and paleontological resources monitoring as well as managed Native American monitoring during ground -disturbing activities. The City of Los Angeles was the lead agency under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Monitoring for the Project was conducted in compliance with the Contingency Plan conditions for the Coastal Development Permit (CDP) from the California Coastal Commission (CCC). No cultural or paleontological resources were identified. No further work was necessary. Sub to ICF. Task Manager. 2020 Veterans Affairs Long Beach Health Systems, Cultural Resources Services and Native American Monitoring, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, CA. Managed a variety of public works and infrastructure improvements on the VALBHS campus. Services have included archaeological surveys, testing, archaeological monitoring, providing and managing Gabrielino (Tongva) Native American monit oring, and compliance reporting. Native American monitoring was provided on a rotating basis from several Gabrielino (Tongva) tribes as per a Memorandum of Agreement between the VALBHS, State Historic Perseveration Office. Projects on the campus have included: an intensive-level archaeological survey utilizing ground-penetrating radar and magnetometry to identify subsurface cultural debris, accurately map abandoned utilities, and locate a historic trash pit within the APE; archaeological and Native American monitoring of construction activities of the Fisher House and Golf Course project area. Principal Investigator for Archaeology. 2014-2018 California State University, Long Beach, On-Call Archaeological Services, Physical Planning and Facilities Management, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone managed archaeological and Native American monitoring of excavations or trenching for public works and buildings projects. Improvements to athletic fields, recycling center, parking lots, roads, outdoor dining, racetrack, liberal arts, and perfor ming arts buildings. Task Manager/Principal Investigator for Archaeology. 2015-2017 Kitts Highway Pathway Lighting Project, Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, City of Seal Beach, Orange County, CA. Cogstone conducted cultural resources monitoring and managed Native American monitoring during the construction of an additional room and outdoor storage area. No cultural resources were observed or recovered. Upon completion of construction, a Cultural Resources Monitoring Compliance Report was produced. Principal Investigator for Archaeology. 2017 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HI STORY 130 Cogstone 111 JOHN GUST Principal Investigator for Archaeology EDUCATION 2016 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of California, Riverside (UCR) 2011 M.A., Anthropology, UCR 2007 M.A., Applied Geography, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs (UCCS) 2002 B.A., Anthropology, minor in Geography/Environmental Studies, UCCS SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS Dr. Gust is a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) with 10 years of experience in field archaeology. He meets the qualifications required by the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation and his field expertise includes pedestrian surveys, excavation monitoring, resource recording, and historic artifact analysis. Dr. Gust has managed a variety of projects at Cogstone in the water, development, residential, transportation, telecommunications, and public works sectors. Dr. Gust is a member of the Society for California Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology, and the American Anthropological Association. SELECTED EXPERIENCE San Gabriel River Commuter Bikeway and Big Dalton Wash Commuter Bikeway, City of Baldwin Park, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone conducted a cultural and historic built environment resources assessment to determine the potential impacts to cultural and historical resources for the proposed construction of approximately five miles of new bikeway/pedestrian pathway. Services included pedestrian surveys, records searches, a Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC, preparation of DPR 523 forms, NRHP eligibility a ssessments, and reporting. The project required a Section 408 permit from the USACE due to the proximity of the federally managed San Gabriel River and tributaries. All work performed complied with Section 106 of the NHPA. The City of Baldwin Park acted as lead agency under CEQA. Sub to Infrastructure Engineering Corporation. Principal Investigator for Archaeology. 2020-2021 University of California Natural Reserve System San Joaquin Marsh Reserve Water Conveyance and Drainage Improvement Project, City of Irvine, Orange County, CA. Cogstone conducted a cultural and paleontological resources assessment to determine the potential impacts to cultural and paleontological resources for the proposed long-term water management improvements and habitat value of the Marsh Reserve. Services included pedestrian survey, records searches, Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC, background r esearch, subsurface testing, and reporting. Due to the proximity of the project to the San Diego Creek, the project required a Clean Water Act Section 404 permit from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Section 106 NHPA compliance. University of California acted as the lead agency under CEQA and USACE acted as lead agency under NEPA. Sub to Moffat & Nichol. Principal Investigator for Archaeology. 2020 -2021 Long Beach Municipal Urban Stormwater Treatment (MUST) Project, Los Angeles County, CA. In 2017, Cogstone prepared a cultural and paleontological resources assessment for the proposed construction of a stormwater facility. The project intended to improve the water quality of existing urban runoff to the Los Angeles River, and ultimately to the Long Beach Harbor. Services included pedestrian surveys, records searches, background research, built environment assessment, Native American consultation, and reporting. In 2020, Cogstone produced a Paleontological Resources Management Plan to prop ose effective mitigation of potential impacts to paleontological resources resulting from proposed construction of MUST and its associated Wetlands project. Sub to Michael Baker. Principal Investigator for Archaeology. 2020 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HI STORY 131 Cogstone 112 SHANNON LOPEZ Architectural Historian EDUCATION 2018 M.A., History (with an emphasis in architecture), California State University, Fullerton 2012 B.A., History, Minor in Asian-Pacific Studies, California State University, Dominguez Hills SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS Ms. Lopez is a qualified historian and she meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Architectural History. Ms. Lopez is experienced in architectural history research and surveys along with photo documentation and recording of built environment resources for local and federal projects. Ms. Lopez is acknowledged as an approved Architectural Historian by Caltrans. She has extensive knowledge with Native American consultation, consultation with city and county historical societies, and analysis of primary and secondary sources. Additionally, she is an approved Reader at the Huntington Library by the Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources. SELECTED EXPERIENCE San Gabriel River Commuter Bikeway and Big Dalton Wash Commuter Bikeway, City of Baldwin Park, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone conducted a cultural and historic built environment resources assessment to determine the potential impacts to cultural and historical resources for the proposed construction of approximately five miles of new bikeway/pedestrian pathway. Services included pedestrian surveys, records searches, a Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC, preparation of DPR 523 forms, NRHP eligibility a ssessments, and reporting. The project required a Section 408 permit from the USACE due to the proximity of the federally managed San Gabriel River and tributaries. All work performed complied with Section 106 of the NHPA. The City of Baldwin Park acted as lead agency under CEQA. Sub to Infrastructure Engineering Corporation. Architectural Historian. 2020-2021 141st and Normandie Townhomes Project, City of Gardena, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone identified and evaluated the potential impacts to cultural, historic built environment, and paleontological resources for the proposed construction of 50 new, three-story townhomes, which will range in size from 1,252 to 1,689 square feet. Services included pedestrian survey, built environment evaluation, records searches, Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC, background research, and reporting. The City of Gardena acted as lead agency under CEQA. Sub to De Novo Planning. Architectural Historian. 2020 Los Angeles Harbor College, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone conducted a study to determine the potential impacts to cultural resources for the proposed demolition, renovation, and construction at the college. Three of the building scheduled for demolition were considered historic in age and required evaluation under CEQA. Cogstone conducted a records search, historical society outreach, a pedestrian survey, and produced a Historic Resources Evaluation Report. Sub to PlaceWorks. Archite ctural Historian & Author. 2020 Long Beach Municipal Urban Stormwater Treatment (MUST) Project, Los Angeles County, CA. In 2017, Cogstone prepared a cultural and paleontological resources assessment for the proposed construction of a stormwater facility. The project intended to improve the water quality of existing urban runoff to the Los Angeles River, and ultimately to the Long Beach Harbor. Services included pedestrian surveys, records searches, background research, built environment assessment, Native American consultation, and reporting. In 2020, Cogstone produced a Paleontological Resources Management Plan to propose effective mitigation of potential impacts to paleontological resources resulting from proposed construction of MUST and its associated W etlands project. Sub to Michael Baker. Architectural Historian. 2020 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HI STORY 132 Cogstone 113 KIM SCOTT Geoarchaeologist EDUCATION 2000 B.S., Geology with paleontology emphasis, University of California, Los Angeles 2013 M.S., Biology with paleontology emphasis, California State University, San Bernardino 2015 Immersion course in geomorphology/geoarchaeology, National Park Service SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS Scott has more than 20 years of experience in California paleontology and sedimentary geology. She has extensive paleontology experience in the field and lab in surveying, monitoring, fossil salvage, taphonomy, locality mapping, fossil preparation, and report writing. She is experienced in preparing stratigraphic sections, determining paleoenvironment, and analyzing soils and geological maps for buried site potential. Scott serves as company safety officer and is the author of the company safety and paleontology manuals. SELECTED EXPERIENCE Faith Home/Garner Road Connection Project, Caltrans District 10, Stanislaus County, CA. Cogstone identified and evaluated cultural, paleontological, and historic resources present in or adjacent to the construction of a four- lane one-mile expressway. Cogstone produced an Archaeological Survey Report (ASR), Historic Properties Survey Report (HPSR), Historic Resources Evaluation Report (HRER), and Paleontological Identification and Evaluation Report (PIR-PER). Services included intensive level pedestrian surveys, mapping, records searches, DPR forms, and Native American consultation. Sub to Environmental Intelligence. Principal Investigator for Paleontology and Geoarchaeologist. 2017-2020 Interstate 605 and Katella, Caltrans District 12, City of Los Alamitos, Orange County, CA. The Orange County Transportation Authority with the California Department of Transportation District 12 and the City of Los Alamitos, proposed to update the I-605 and Katella Avenue interchange. Cogstone performed the survey, prepared a combined Paleontological Identification Report and Paleontological Evaluation Report, an Archaeological Survey Report with a geoarchaeological section on the potential for buried sites, a Historical Property Survey Report, and a Historical Resources Evaluation Report. Sub to WSP USA, Inc. Principal Investigator for Paleontology and Geoarchaeologist. 2018 State Route 57, Orangewood to Katella, Caltrans District 12, Cities of Orange and Anaheim, Orange County, CA. California Department of Transportation District 12, with assistance from the cities of Anaheim and Orange, proposed to widen and restripe portions of the northbound side of the freeway from Orangewood Avenue to Katella Avenue. Cogstone performed the survey, prepared a combined Paleontological Identification Report and Paleontological Evaluation Report, an Archaeological Survey Report with geoarchaeological section, and a Historical Property Survey Report. Sub to Michael Baker International. Principal Investigator for Paleontology and Geoarchaeologist. 2018 State Route 138 and Avenue G interchange, Caltrans District 7, unincorporated Los Angeles County, CA. The City of Lancaster, in conjunction with the California Department of Transportation District 7, proposed to improve the existing interchange of State Route 138 and Avenue G interchange in addition to widening of Avenue G to the east and west of the existing interchange. Cogstone performed the survey, prepared a combined Paleontological Identification Report and Paleontological Evaluation Report, an Archaeological Survey Report with geoarchaeological section, and a Historical Resources Compliance Report. Sub to Michael Baker International. Principal Investigator for Paleontology and Geoarchaeologist. 2017 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HI STORY 133 Cogstone 114 LOGAN FREEBERG GIS Supervisor EDUCATION 2018 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Certificate, California State University, Fullerton 2003 B.A., Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS Mr. Freeberg has over 18 years of experience in cultural resource management and has extensive experience in field surveying, data recovery, monitoring, and excavation of archaeological and paleontological resources associated with land development projects in the private and public sectors. He has conducted all phases of archaeological work, including fieldwork, laboratory analysis, research, and reporting. Mr. Freeb erg also has a strong grounding in conventional field and laboratory methods and is skilled in the use of ArcGIS. SELECTED EXPERIENCE Purple Line Extension (Westside Subway), Sections 1 and 2, Metropolitan Transit Authority (METRO), Los Angeles, CA. The project involves construction of seven stations from the existing Purple Line at Wilshire/Western Avenue along Wilshire Boulevard to the Veterans Administration Hospital in Westwood for 8.6 miles. Manages all paleontological services for Sections 1 and 2 of the subway project including budgets, WEAP training, monitoring, fossil recovery, lab work, analysis, and reporting. Sub to JV West (Stantec/Jacobs JV) (Section 1), AECOM (Section 2). GIS Supervisor. 2020-ongoing San Gabriel River Commuter Bikeway and Big Dalton Wash Commuter Bikeway, City of Baldwin Park, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone conducted a cultural and historic built environment resources assessment to determine the potential impacts to cultural and historical resources for the proposed construction of approximately five miles of new bikeway/pedestrian pathway. Services included pedestrian surveys, records searches, a Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC, preparation of DPR 523 forms, NRHP eligibility assessments, and reporting. The project required a Section 408 permit from the USACE due to the proximity of the federally managed San Gabriel River and tributaries. All work performed complied with Section 106 of the NHPA. The City of Baldwin Park acted as lead agency under CEQA. Sub to Infrastru cture Engineering Corporation. GIS Supervisor. 2020 - 2021 Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) Ongoing Technical Support for Environmental, Mitigation Reporting, and Sustainability Issues Associated with LAWA Construction Projects, LAX, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone conducted cultural and paleontological resources monitoring during proposed consolidation and modernization of existing facilities. The project involved redeveloping multiple facilities including hangars and associated structures for Delta Airlines and United Airlines, among others. Upon completion of monitoring, Cogstone prepared Cultural and Paleontological Resources Monitoring Compliance Reports. The City of Los Angeles acted as lead agency for the project. Sub to CDM Smith. GIS Supervisor. 2020 -2021 Bell Gardens Water Reservoir Project, City of Bell Gardens, Los Angeles County, CA. Cogstone conducted a cultural and paleontological resources assessment to determine the potential impacts to cultural and paleontological resources during improvements which included a new two-million-gallon reservoir, booster pump station, well to be drilled, and other components. Services included record searches, Sacred Lands File search from the Native American Heritage Commission, and an intensive pedestrian survey of the 1.7-acre project area. Sub to Infrastructure Engineers. GIS Supervisor. 2019-2020 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HI STORY 134 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 115 APPENDIX B. MITIGATION MEASURES FROM THE PEIR 135 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 116 Mitigation Measure CUL-1: Cultural Resources Personnel Professional Qualifications Standards. Cultural resources consulting staff shall meet, or be under the direct supervision of an individual meeting, the minimum professional qualifications standards (PQS) set forth by the Secretary of the Interior (SOI) (codified in 36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Part 61; 48 FR 44738-44739). Mitigation Measure CUL-2: Historic Resources Assessment. For each near-term, mid-term, and long-term project, LCWA shall retain an SOI-qualified architectural historian (Qualified Architectural Historian) to conduct a historic resources assessment including: a records search at the South Central Coastal Information Center; a review of pertinent archives and sources; a pedestrian field survey; recordation of all identified historic resources on California Department of Parks and Recreation 523 forms; and preparation of a technical report documenting the methods and results of the assessment. The report(s) shall be submitted to LCWA for review and approval prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or publication of subsequent CEQA documents. The Qualified Architectural Historian shall file a copy of the final report(s) with the South Central Coastal Information Center within 30 days of its completion. A Historic Resources Assessment shall not be required for any project site that has already undergone the same or similar assessment as part of the program as long as the assessment is deemed adequate by the Qualified Architectural Historian for the purposes of the project currently under consideration. Mitigation Measure CUL-3: Historic Resources Evaluation. Prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or the publication of subsequent CEQA documents for any project site containing unevaluated historic resources, a Qualified Architectural Historian shall determine if the project has the potential to result in adverse impacts to identified historic resources. For any historic resource that may be adversely impacted, the Qualified Architectural Historian shall evaluate the resource for listing in the California Register under Criteria 1-4 in order to determine if the resource qualifies as a historical resource. If a historic resource is found eligible, the Qualified Architectural Historian shall determine if the project would cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of the resource. If a substantial adverse change would occur (i.e., the project would demolish the resource or materially alter it in an adverse manner), the Qualified Architectural Historian shall develop appropriate mitigation measures to be incorporated into subsequent CEQA documents. These measures may include, but would not be limited to, relocation, HABS/HAER/HALS documentation, development and implementation of an interpretative and commemorative program, or development and implementation of a salvage plan. All evaluations and resulting technical reports shall be completed and approved by LWCA prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or publication of subsequent CEQA documents. The Qualified Architectural Historian shall file a copy of the final report(s) with the South Central Coastal Information Center within 30 days of its acceptance by LCWA 136 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 117 Mitigation Measure CUL-4: Archaeological Resources Assessment. For each near-term, mid- term, and long-term project that involves ground disturbance, LCWA shall retain an SOI- qualified archaeologist (Qualified Archaeologist) to conduct an archaeological resources assessment including: a records search at the South Central Coastal Information Center; a Sacred Lands File search at the Native American Heritage Commission; updated geoarchaeological review incorporating previously unavailable data (such as geotechnical studies); a pedestrian field survey; recordation of all identified archaeological resources on California Department of Parks and Recreation 523 forms; and preparation of a technical report. The technical report shall: document the methods and results of the study; provide an assessment of the project’s potential to encounter subsurface archaeological resources and human remains based on a review of the project plans, depth of proposed ground disturbance, and available project-specific geotechnical reports; and provide recommendations as to whether additional studies are warranted (i.e., Extended Phase I presence/absence testing or resource boundary delineation, Phase II testing and evaluation). The report(s) shall be submitted to LCWA for review and approval prior to approval of project plans or publication of subsequent CEQA documents. The Qualified Archaeologist shall file a copy of the final report(s) with the South Central Coastal Information Center within 30 days of its completion. An Archaeological Resources Assessment shall not be required for any project site that has already undergone the same or similar assessment as part of the program as long as the assessment is deemed adequate by the Qualified Archaeologist for the purposes of the project currently under consideration. Mitigation Measure CUL-5: Extended Phase I Archaeological Investigation. Prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or the publication of subsequent CEQA documents for any project with a high potential to encounter subsurface archaeological resources as determined by the project-specific archaeological resources assessment conducted under Mitigation Measure CUL-4: Archaeological Resources Assessment, a Qualified Archaeologist shall conduct an Extended Phase I investigation to identify the presence/absence of subsurface archaeological resources. Prior to the initiation of field work for any Extended Phase I investigation, the Qualified Archaeologist shall prepare a work plan outlining the investigation’s objectives, goals, and methodology (e.g., field and lab procedures, collection protocols, curation and reporting requirements, Native American input/monitoring, schedule, security measures). For investigations related to Native American archaeological resources, monitoring shall be required in accordance with Mitigation Measures CUL-13: Native American Monitoring. All work plans shall outline the protocols and procedures to be followed in the event that human remains and associated funerary objects or grave goods (i.e., artifacts associated with human remains) are encountered in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. Disposition of archaeological materials recovered during Extended Phase I investigations shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-15: Curation and Disposition of Cultural Materials. Disposition of human remains and any associated funerary objects or grave goods shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. Projects 137 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 118 occurring within the same timeframe may be covered by one overarching work plan. All investigations and resulting technical reports shall be completed and approved by LCWA prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or publication of subsequent CEQA documents. The Qualified Archaeologist shall file a copy of the final report(s) with the South Central Coastal Information Center within 30 days of its acceptance by LCWA. An Extended Phase I investigation shall not be required for any project site or resource that has already undergone the same or similar investigation as part of the program as long as the investigation is deemed adequate by the Qualified Archaeologist for the purposes of the project currently under consideration. Mitigation Measure CUL-6: Phase II Archaeological Investigation. Prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or the publication of subsequent CEQA documents for any project site containing known unevaluated archaeological resources as identified by the project-specific archaeological resources assessment conducted under Mitigation Measure CUL-4: Archaeological Resources Assessment, a Qualified Archaeologist shall determine if the project has the potential to result in adverse impacts to identified archaeological resources (this may include initial Extended Phase I testing to identify the boundaries of resources, if necessary to properly assess potential impacts, following the procedures outlined under Mitigation Measure CUL-5: Extended Phase I Archaeological Investigation). For any archaeological resource that may be adversely impacted, the Qualified Archaeologist shall conduct Phase II testing and shall evaluate the resource for listing in the California Register under Criteria 1-4 in order to determine if the resource qualifies as a historical resource. LCWA shall consider the significance of the resource to Native American groups prior to requiring any Phase II subsurface testing. If the resource does not qualify as a historical resource, it shall then be considered for qualification as a unique archaeological resource. Native American or prehistoric archaeological resources shall also be considered as contributors to the tribal landscape to determine if they contribute to the significance of the landscape. Prior to the initiation of field work for any Phase II investigation, the Qualified Archaeologist shall prepare a work plan outlining the investigation’s objectives, goals, and methodology (e.g., research design, field and lab procedures, collection protocols, data requirements/thresholds, evaluation criteria, curation and reporting requirements, Native American input/monitoring, schedule, security measures). The Qualified Archaeologist and LCWA shall coordinate with participating Native American Tribes during preparation of Phase II work plans related to Native American archaeological resources to ensure cultural values ascribed to the resources, beyond those that are scientifically important, are considered in the evaluation, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape. For investigations related to Native American archaeological resources, Native American Tribal coordination and monitoring shall be required in accordance with Mitigation Measures CUL-12: Native American Coordination and CUL-13: Native American Monitoring. All work plans shall outline the protocols and procedures to be followed in the event that human remains and associated funerary objects or grave goods (i.e., artifacts associated with human remains) are encountered in 138 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 119 accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. Disposition of archaeological materials recovered during Extended Phase I or Phase II investigations shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-15: Curation and Disposition of Cultural Materials. Disposition of human remains and any associated funerary objects or grave good shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. Projects occurring within the same timeframe may be covered by one overarching work plan. All investigations and resulting technical reports shall be completed and approved by LWCA prior to LCWA’s approval of project plans or publication of subsequent CEQA documents. The Qualified Archaeologist shall file a copy of the final report(s) with the South Central Coastal Information Center within 30 days of its acceptance by LCWA. Mitigation Measure CUL-7: Avoidance and Preservation in Place of Archaeological Resources. In the event historical resources or unique archaeological resources or resources that contribute to the significance of the tribal cultural landscape are identified, avoidance and preservation in place shall be the preferred manner of mitigating impacts to such resources. Preservation in place maintains the important relationship between artifacts and their archaeological context and also serves to avoid conflict with traditional and religious values of groups who may ascribe meaning to the resource. Preservation in place may be accomplished by, but is not limited to, avoidance, incorporating the resource into open space, capping, or deeding the site into a permanent conservation easement. If avoidance is determined by the LCWA to be infeasible in light of factors such as the nature of the find, proposed project design, costs, and other considerations, then that resource shall be subject to Mitigation Measure CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan. If avoidance and preservation in place of a resource is determined by LCWA to be feasible, then that resource shall be subject to Mitigation Measure CUL-9: Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan Mitigation Measure CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan. A Qualified Archaeologist shall prepare a Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan for significant archaeological resources (i.e., resources that qualify as historical resources or unique archaeological resources or that contribute to the significance of the tribal cultural landscape) that will be adversely impacted by a project. Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4, data recovery shall not be required for a historical resource if LCWA determines that testing or studies already completed have adequately recovered the scientifically consequential information for resources eligible under California Register Criterion 4. The Qualified Archaeologist and LCWA shall consult with interested Native American Tribes for recovery/treatment of Native American archaeological resources during preparation of the plan(s) to ensure cultural values ascribed to the resources, beyond those that are scientifically important, are considered in assessing treatment, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape. Projects occurring within the same timeframe may be covered by one overarching plan. The plan(s) shall be submitted to LCWA for review and 139 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 120 approval prior to the start of field work for data recovery efforts for resources that are eligible under California Register Criterion 4 (data potential). Data recovery field work shall be completed prior to the start of any project-related ground disturbance. Treatment for archaeological resources that are eligible under California Register Criterion 1 (events), Criterion 2 (persons), or Criterion 3 (design/workmanship) shall be completed within 3 years of completion of the project. Each plan shall include: a. Research Design. The plan shall outline the applicable cultural context(s) for the region, identify research goals and questions that are applicable to each resource or class of resources, and list the data needs (types, quantities, quality) required to answer each research question. The research design shall address all four California Register Criteria (1–4) and identify the methods that will be required to inform treatment, such as subsurface investigation, documentary/archival research, and/or oral history, depending on the nature of the resource. The research design shall also include consideration of Native American or prehistoric archaeological resources as contributors to the tribal cultural landscape. b. Data Recovery for Resources Eligible under Criterion 4. The plan shall outline the field and laboratory methods to be employed, and any specialized studies that will be conducted, as part of the data recovery effort for resources that are eligible under California Register Criterion 4 (data potential). If a resource is eligible under additional criteria, treatment beyond data recovery shall be implemented (see CUL-6c). c. Treatment for Resources Eligible under Criteria 1, 2, or 3. In the event a resource is eligible under California Register Criterion 1 (events), Criterion 2 (persons), or Criterion 3 (design/workmanship), then resource-specific treatment shall be developed to mitigate project- related impacts to the degree feasible. This could include forms of documentation, interpretation, public outreach, ethnographic and language studies, publications, and educational programs, depending on the nature of the resource, and may require the retention of additional technical specialists. Treatment measures shall be generally outlined in the plan based on existing information on the resource. Once data recovery is completed and the results are available to better inform resource-specific treatment, the treatment measures shall be formalized and implemented. Treatment shall be developed by the Qualified Archaeologist in consultation with LCWA and Native American Tribal representatives for resources that are Native American in origin, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape. d. Security Measures. The plan shall include recommended security measures to protect archaeological resources from vandalism, looting, and non-intentionally damaging activities during field work. 140 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 121 e. Procedures for Discovery of Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects or Grave Goods. The plan shall outline the protocols and procedures to be followed in the event that human remains and associated funerary objects or grave goods are uncovered. Protocols and procedures shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. f. Reporting Requirements. Upon completion of data recovery for resources eligible under Criterion 4, the Qualified Archaeologist shall document the findings in an Archaeological Data Recovery Report. The draft Archaeological Data Recovery Report shall be submitted to the LCWA within 360 days after completion of data recovery, and the final Archaeological Data Recovery Report shall be submitted to LCWA within 60 days after the receipt of LCWA comments. The Qualified Archaeologist shall submit the final Archaeological Data Recovery Report to the South Central Coastal Information Center within 30 days of its acceptance by LCWA. Upon completion of all other treatment for resources eligible under Criteria 1, 2, or 3, the Qualified Archaeologist shall document the resource-specific treatment that was implemented for each resource and verification that treatment has been completed in a technical document (report or memorandum). The document shall be provided to LCWA within 30 days after completion of treatment. g. Curation or Disposition of Cultural Materials. The plan shall outline the requirements for final disposition of all cultural materials collected during data recovery. Disposition of all archaeological materials shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-15: Curation and Disposition of Cultural Materials. Disposition of human remains and any associated funerary objects or grave goods shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. h. Protocols for Native American Coordination and Monitoring. The plan shall outline the role and responsibilities of Native American Tribal representatives in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-12: Native American Coordination. It shall outline communication protocols, timelines for review of archaeological resources documents, and provisions for Native American monitoring. The plan shall include provisions for full-time Native American monitoring of all data recovery field work for resources that are Native American in origin, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape, in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-13: Native American Monitoring. Mitigation Measure CUL-9: Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan. For each near-term, mid-term, and long-term project that involves ground disturbance, a Qualified Archaeologist shall prepare an Archaeological Resources Mitigation and Monitoring Plan taking into account the final LCWA-approved project design plans, depths/locations of ground disturbance, proximity to known archaeological resources, and potential to encounter 141 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 122 subsurface archaeological resources. Projects occurring within the same timeframe may be covered by one overarching plan. The Qualified Archaeologist and LCWA shall coordinate with participating Native American Tribes during preparation of the plan(s). Each plan shall include: a. Establishment of Environmentally Sensitive Areas. The plan shall outline areas that will be designated Environmentally Sensitive Areas (including maps), if needed. Significant or unevaluated archaeological resources that are being avoided and are within 50 feet of the construction zone shall be designated as Environmentally Sensitive Areas. The resources shall be delineated with exclusion markers to ensure avoidance. These areas shall not be marked as archaeological resources, but shall be designated as “exclusion zones” on project plans and protective fencing in order to discourage unauthorized disturbance or collection of artifacts that are scientifically important, are considered, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape. b. Provisions for Archaeological Monitoring. The plan shall outline requirements for archaeological monitoring and the archaeological monitor(s) role and responsibilities in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-11: Archaeological Resources Monitoring. Ground disturbance in locations/depths that have been previously monitored as part of the program shall not be subject to additional monitoring. c. Procedures for Discovery of Archaeological Resources. Procedures to be implemented in the event of an archaeological discovery shall be fully defined in the plan and shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL- 14: Archaeological Resources Discoveries. Procedures outlined shall include stop-work and protective measures, notification protocols, procedures for significance assessments, and appropriate treatment measures. The plan shall state avoidance or preservation in place is the preferred manner of mitigating impacts to historical resources, unique archaeological resources, and contributors to the significance of the tribal cultural landscape, but shall provide procedures to follow should avoidance be infeasible in light of factors such as the nature of the find, project design, costs, and other considerations. If, based on the recommendation of a Qualified Archaeologist, it is determined that a discovered archaeological resource constitutes a historical resource or unique archaeological resource or is a contributor to the significance of the tribal cultural landscape, then avoidance and preservation in place shall be the preferred manner of mitigating impacts to such a resource in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-7: Avoidance and Preservation in Place of Archaeological Resources. In the event that preservation in place is determined to be infeasible and data recovery through excavation is the only feasible mitigation available, an Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan shall be prepared and implemented following the procedures outlined in Mitigation Measure CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan. LCWA shall consult with appropriate Native American representatives in determining treatment of resources that are Native American in origin to ensure cultural values ascribed to the 142 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 123 resources, beyond those that are scientifically important, are considered, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape d. Procedures for Discovery of Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects or Grave Goods. The plan shall outline the protocols and procedures to be followed in the event that human remains and associated funerary objects or grave goods are uncovered. Protocols and procedures shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. e. Reporting Requirements. The plan shall outline provisions for weekly and final reporting. The Qualified Archaeologist shall prepare weekly status reports detailing activities and locations observed (including maps) and summarizing any discoveries for the duration of monitoring to be submitted to LCWA via email for each week in which monitoring activities occur. The Qualified Archaeologist shall prepare a draft Archaeological Resources Monitoring Report and submit it to LCWA within 180 days after completion of the monitoring program or treatment for significant discoveries should treatment extend beyond the cessation of monitoring. The final Archaeological Resources Monitoring Report shall be submitted to LCWA within 60 days after receipt of LCWA comments. The Qualified Archaeologist shall also submit the final Archaeological Resources Monitoring Report to the South Central Coastal Information Center. f. Curation or Disposition of Cultural Materials. The plan shall outline the requirements for final disposition of all cultural materials collected during data recovery. Disposition of all archaeological materials shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-15: Curation and Disposition of Cultural Materials. Disposition of human remains and any associated funerary objects or grave goods shall be in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries. g. Protocols for Native American Coordination and Monitoring. The plan shall outline requirements for Native American coordination and monitoring, and the Native American monitor(s) role and responsibilities in accordance with Mitigation Measures CUL-12: Native American Coordination and CUL-13: Native American Monitoring. Mitigation Measure CUL-10: Construction Worker Cultural Resources Sensitivity Training. For each near term, mid-term, and long-term project that involves ground disturbance, LCWA shall retain a Qualified Archaeologist to implement a cultural resources sensitivity training program. The Qualified Archaeologist, or their designee, and a Native American representative shall instruct all construction personnel of the importance and significance of the area as a tribal cultural landscape, the types of archaeological resources that may be encountered, the proper procedures to be enacted in the event of an inadvertent discovery of archaeological resources or human remains, confidentiality of discoveries, and safety precautions to be taken 143 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 124 when working with cultural resources monitors. In the event that construction crews are phased, additional trainings shall be conducted for new construction personnel. LCWA or their contractors shall ensure construction personnel are made available for and attend the training. LCWA shall retain documentation demonstrating attendance Mitigation Measure CUL-11: Archaeological Resources Monitoring. For each near-term, mid-term, and long-term project, full-time archaeological monitoring of ground disturbance (i.e., demolition, pavement removal, pot-holing or auguring, boring, drilling, grubbing, vegetation removal, brush clearance, weed abatement, grading, excavation, trenching, or any other activity that has potential to disturb soil) shall be conducted in areas and at depths where there is a potential to encounter archaeological materials or human remains, including excavations into existing artificial fill and native soils, based on the project-specific archaeological resources assessment prepared under Mitigation Measure CUL-4: Archaeological Resources Assessment. Ground disturbance in locations/depths that have been previously monitored as part of the program shall not be subject to additional monitoring. The archaeological monitor(s) shall be familiar with the types of resources that could be encountered and shall work under the direct supervision of a Qualified Archaeologist. The number of archaeological monitors required to be on site during ground-disturbing activities is dependent on the construction scenario, specifically the number of pieces of equipment operating at the same time, the distance between these pieces of equipment, and the pace at which equipment is working, with the goal of monitors being able to effectively observe soils as they are exposed. Generally, work areas more than 500 feet from one another will require additional monitors. The archaeological monitor(s) shall keep daily logs detailing the types of activities and soils observed, and any discoveries. Archaeological monitor(s) shall have the authority to halt and re-direct ground disturbing activities in the event of a discovery until it has been assessed for significance and treatment implemented, if necessary, based on the recommendations of the Qualified Archaeologist in coordination with LCWA, and the Native American representatives in the event the resource is Native American in origin, and in accordance with the protocols and procedures outlined in Mitigation Measure CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan. Reporting of archaeological monitoring shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions outlined in Mitigation Measure CUL-9: Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan Mitigation Measure CUL-12: Native American Coordination. LCWA shall seek input from participating Native American Tribes during the preparation of documents required under Mitigation Measures CUL-5: Extended Phase I Archaeological Investigation, CUL-6: Phase II Archaeological Investigation, CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan, Mitigation Measure CUL 9: Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan, and CUL-14: Archaeological Resources Discoveries, including but not limited to work plans, research designs, treatment plans, and associated technical reports. LCWA shall provide participating Native American Tribes with electronic copies of draft documents and 144 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 125 afford them 30 days from receipt of a document to review and comment on the document. Native American comments will be provided in writing for consideration by LCWA. LCWA shall document comments and how the comments were/were not addressed in a tracking log Mitigation Measure CUL-13: Native American Monitoring. For each near-term, mid-term, and long-term project, full-time Native American monitoring of ground disturbance (i.e., demolition, pavement removal, pot-holing or auguring, boring, drilling, grubbing, vegetation removal, brush clearance, weed abatement, grading, excavation, trenching, or any other activity that has potential to disturb soil) shall be conducted in areas and at depths where there is a potential to encounter archaeological materials or human remains, including excavations into existing artificial fill and native soils, based on the project-specific study prepared under Mitigation Measure CUL-4: Archaeological Resources Assessment. LCWA shall retain a Native American monitor(s) from a California Native American Tribe that is culturally and geographically affiliated with the program area (according to the California Native American Heritage Commission) to conduct the monitoring. If more than one Tribe is interested in monitoring, LCWA shall contract with each Tribe that expresses interest and prepare a monitoring rotation schedule. LCWA shall rotate monitors on an equal and regular basis to ensure that each Tribal group has the same opportunity to participate in the monitoring program. If a Tribe cannot participate when their rotation comes up, they shall forfeit that rotation unless LCWA can make other arrangements to accommodate their schedule. The number of Native American monitors required to be on site during ground disturbing activities is dependent on the construction scenario, specifically the number of pieces of equipment operating at the same time, the distance between these pieces of equipment, and the pace at which equipment is working, with the goal of monitors being able to effectively observe soils as they are exposed. Generally, work areas more than 500 feet from one another require additional monitors. Native American monitors shall have the authority to halt and re-direct ground disturbing activities in the event of a discovery until it has been assessed for significance. The Native American monitor(s) shall also monitor all ground disturbance related to subsurface investigations and data recovery efforts conducted under Mitigation Measures CUL-5: Extended Phase I Archaeological Investigation, CUL-6: Phase II Archaeological Investigation, and CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan for any resources that are Native American in origin, according to the rotation schedule, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape. Mitigation Measure CUL-14: Archaeological Resources Discoveries. In the event archaeological resources are encountered during construction of the proposed program, all activity in the vicinity of the find shall cease (within 100 feet), and the protocols and procedures for discoveries outlined in Mitigation Measure CUL-9: Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan shall be implemented. The discovery shall be evaluated for potential significance by the Qualified Archaeologist. If the Qualified Archaeologist determines that the resource may be significant (i.e., meets the definition for historical resource in CEQA Guidelines 145 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 126 subdivision 15064.5(a) or for unique archaeological resource in PRC subdivision 21083.2(g) or is a contributor to the tribal cultural landscape), the Qualified Archaeologist shall develop an Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan for the resource following the procedures outlined in Mitigation Measure CUL-8: Phase III Archaeological Resources Data Recovery and Treatment Plan. When assessing significance and developing treatment for resources that are Native American in origin, including those related to the tribal cultural landscape, the Qualified Archaeologist and LCWA shall consult with the appropriate Native American representatives. The Qualified Archaeologist shall also determine if work may proceed in other parts of the project site while data recovery and treatment is being carried out. LCWA shall consult with the State Lands Commission Staff Attorney regarding any cultural resources discoveries on state lands. Mitigation Measure CUL 15: Curation and Disposition of Cultural Materials. LCWA shall curate all Native American archaeological materials, with the exception of funerary objects or grave goods (i.e., artifacts associated with Native American human remains). LCWA shall consult with Native American representatives regarding the final disposition of Native American archaeological materials and on the selection of the curation facility, with preference given to tribal museums. LCWA shall first consider repositories that are accredited by the American Association of Museums and that meet the standards outlined in 36 CFR 79.9. If a suitable accredited repository is not identified, then LCWA shall consider non-accredited repositories as long as they meet the minimum standards set forth by 36 CFR 79.9. If a suitable non-accredited repository is not identified, then LCWA shall donate the collection to a local California Native American Tribe(s) (Gabrielino or Juañeno) for educational purposes. Disposition of Native American human remains and associated funerary objects or grave goods shall be determined by the landowner in consultation with LCWA and the Most Likely Descendant in accordance with Mitigation Measure CUL 18: Human Remains Discoveries. LCWA shall curate all historic- period archaeological materials that are not Native American in origin at a repository accredited by the American Association of Museums that meets the standards outlined in 36 CFR 79.9. If no accredited repository accepts the collection, then LCWA may curate it at a non-accredited repository as long as it meets the minimum standards set forth by 36 CFR 79.9. If neither an accredited nor a non-accredited repository accepts the collection, then LCWA shall offer the collection to a public, non-profit institution with a research interest in the materials, or to a local school or historical society in the area for educational purposes. If no institution, school, or historical society accepts the collection, LCWA may retain it for on-site display as part of its interpretation and educational elements. The final disposition of cultural resources recovered on state lands under the jurisdiction of the California State Lands Commission must be approved by the Commission. Prior to start of each project, LCWA shall obtain a curation agreement and shall be responsible for payment of fees associated with curation for the duration of the program. 146 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 127 Mitigation Measure CUL16: Future Native American Input. LCWA shall consult with participating California Native American Tribes, to the extent that they wish to participate, during future design of project-level components, plant and native plant selections or palettes, and development of content for educational and interpretative elements, such as signage and Visitors Center displays. Mitigation Measure CUL17: Tribal Access Plan. Prior to the start of construction, LCWA shall develop a written access plan to preserve and enhance tribal members’ access to, and use of, the restoration Project area for religious, spiritual, or other cultural purposes. This plan will allow access to the extent LCWA has the authority to facilitate such access, and be consistent with existing laws, regulations, and agreements governing property within the program area. The access plan may place restrictions on access into certain areas, such as oil operations and other exclusive easements the LCWA does not have access rights to. This access plan shall be developed in coordination with participating California Native American Tribes, to the extent that they wish to participate. Mitigation Measure CUL-18: Human Remains Discoveries: If human remains are encountered, then LCWA or its contractor shall halt work in the vicinity (within 100 feet) of the discovery and contact the appropriate County Coroner in accordance with Public Resources Code Section 5097.98 and Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5, which requires that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made the necessary findings as to origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. If the County Coroner determines the remains are Native American, then the Coroner will notify the California Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) within 24 hours in accordance with Health and Safety Code subdivision 7050.5(c), and Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The California Native American Heritage Commission shall then identify the person(s) thought to be the Most Likely Descendant (MLD). The MLD may, with the permission of the land owner, or his or her authorized representative, inspect the site of the discovery of the Native American remains and may recommend to the owner or the person responsible for the excavation work means for treating or disposing, with appropriate dignity, the human remains and any associated grave goods. The MLD shall complete their inspection and make their recommendation within 48 hours of being granted access by the landowner to inspect the discovery. The recommendation may include the scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials. LCWA and the landowner shall discuss and confer with the MLD on all reasonable options regarding the MLD’s preferences for treatment. Until LCWA and the landowner have conferred with the MLD, the contractor shall ensure that the immediate vicinity where the discovery occurred is not disturbed by further activity and is adequately protected according to generally accepted cultural or archaeological standards or practices, and that further activities take into account the possibility of multiple burials. If the NAHC is unable to identify an MLD, or the MLD identified fails to make a recommendation, or 147 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 128 the landowner rejects the recommendation of the MLD and the mediation provided for in Subdivision (k) of Section 5097.94, if invoked, fails to provide measures acceptable to the landowner, the landowner or his or her authorized representative shall inter the human remains and items associated with Native American human remains with appropriate dignity on the facility property in a location not subject to further and future subsurface disturbance. 148 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 129 APPENDIX C. MAPS AND FIGURES 149 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 130 Figure C - 1. Topographic provinces (after Lightfoot and Parrish 2009) Project Location Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration C ity of Long Beach Los Ange les County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange County, CA II II Project Area t::] Topographic Region 0 50 I I I I 100 Miles I I N 0 50 100 Kilometers I I II I I II I 1 :6,000,000 l in = 500,000 ft 150 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 131 Figure C - 2. Geomorphic provinces (after Lightfoot and Parrish 2009) Project Location Southern Lo s Cerritos Wetlands Restoration C ity of Long Beach Los A ng e les County, CA C ity of Seal Beach Orange C o u nty, CA II II Proj ect Area II IJ Geo m orph ic Prov ince 0 50 I I I I 100 Mi les I I N 0 50 100 Kil o m eters I I II I I II I 1 :6,000 ,000 l in = 50 0,000 ft 151 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 132 Figure C - 3. Geology of the Southern LCW Project area co~tone PALEONTOLOGY • ARCHAEOLOGY ~ HISTORY Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach I I I I Project Area Orange County, CA Geology from Saucedo et al., 2016 --Fault ■ ■ ■ Inferred Fault D af -artificial fill (modern) D Qpe -paralic estuarine deposits (late Holocene) D Qype -young paralic estuarine deposits (late Pleistocene to Holocene) LJ Qom -old shallow marine deposits (middle to late Pleistocene) 0 500 1,000 Feet L.I .....L......L......&........&...I __.___.__, _! AN 0 100 200 Meters I I I I I I I 1:10,000 1 in= 833 ft 152 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 133 Figure C - 4. Southern California Timeline Los Angeles Basin & Southern Timescale Regionnl Synthesi.., Northern ()range 01annel 1;ha.s:hm1trk f'\try 200ytaN co6-.IOO BC Counties Islands AJ)prox Radio Year• Ceologicnl \Van"tu \Vallnce C. King Suuou Carbon A.O.B.C. Time Scale (1968) (1955) (1990) (2009) Years BP 190 -1--1782 _ C humMh l fo1ori c u"'•um:t._i, .....••. -g L2 ·c Angeles V I Island IV -,I: 40-0 -...... 150-0 L:1te ., -Prebi~to1ic LI j Angtlts V Island Ill -C humash lfofr1.on 1020 -,-1000 -......... MS >, <l! Angtles IV i! Island II -M4 .; ! -g 0 Angeles Ill -.. .. 1610 -...... 5-00 .. M3 ·t -:,: . e Q. A.O . -J .!t Island I M2 :g 2000 --o -i Angtles II B.C. - Inter• -Ml 2425 -...... 500 mediate -lforl'"1.on -EZ Cnmbell 2825 -~,ooo -To1>a.uea Ang.,-1.-~ Tradition -Ill I -3225 ->-15-00 -- 3625 --2000 ---EY 400-0 --250-0 -g -" 5 ·.: To1>anga II .., -:; ~ !! 4370 --3000 -0 >, ,: ,: '" :,: t!! ... -.!t ;; ~ >, -1l g >-35-00 ~ 'ii ·.= -:.; ·c -,!i £ 5000 --4000 -M illing-"l! Encinitas E -n·aclilion dOrH' a l lo,·iz.on -0 -450-0 z --EX 6000 --5-000 - -Topanga I -5500 --Snn Snn " 7100 --6000 -., DieguilO DieguilO -I Ttaclition l lo,·iz.on -~ ;:,-.0 J .: 1; San l>ieguito '/ ~ .., Paleoc:oas 1nl Plcis1oc:e.ue :5 Coas1nl Ornnge Los Angtles Ballona County County Lagoon Mason and Kowta Altschul ct al. P e1crson (1969) (20-05) (2014) .. ~.a.l~•~~l.ii_i!> •• llistorit:* Lnlt P eriod 2 Malaga C Late Period .g Cove I ~ E~ Lnle Period I '----~E t-V ?. >- Malaga Cove 2 '--C Middle P eriod lntern,ediate 0 "' Period ~ e ~ !::~ e E ~ . °;. V • • .£ • ?. ?- Malaga · •• Co,·e 2 ·. (To1>•ngn 11)·. Millingsloue Period 3 Enrty Period Millingstoue Pt1iod 2 Malaga Covt I Millingslonc Period I Paleoc:oas1nl Santa Ssu11n Barbara Barbarn C hannel Cons, Arnold and Rogers Craesh (1929) (20-04) Jli,5 tol'ic C hu,uai;h ·········· Late Period T ,·ansi1ionnl Middle Period Cnnali ilo Peo1lle ·········· llun1ing Peo1)le Early P eriod Oak Crove Peo1de "'Hisrorieal Period: AD 1800-1850 & Prornhisroric:-Period: ADJ769-J800 $aura Mouicn Mountain~ Mojnvt l>tsut Kowta Kowta (1969) (1969) C hu1uas h/Cabl"it:li110 ······················· Shoshonean Cnnali ilo Amnrgosn Topnnga Ill Piuro Bas in Topangn II To1>a.uga I Jlialus San Oiegui ro 153 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 134 Figure C - 5. Gabrielino (Tongva) Territory (after McCawley 1996) Chumash .......... ' ..... Tataviam -,.,. ,.,.- ----4.✓--,,. cogstone 1"4U;0NTOI.IIG1'-Al{Clt4ECll.0~T -Hl'ST0~1' J \ Project Area So uthern Los Cerr ito s Wet lands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles Cou nt y, CA City of Sea l Beach Orange Co unt y, CA Tongva (Ga brielino) II II ProjectArea ... ,-_ ~ Tribal Boundary '-' \, Serrano ..... ..... -' ' ,.,. _,.':,_ ,.,. ,.,. / / / ( I Ca huilla I 1-...... ' ,,,., / \ ' \ J I ...... , ' ' '\ Juaneno .._ ' I ' r \. \ \ I I I \ \ ... Luiseno lpai 0 10 20 Miles I II I I I I N 0 IO 20 Kilometers ! 1,111,111 A_ 1:1,250 ,000 1 in =20miles 154 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 135 Figure C - 6. Resources used by Native American tribes by ecological zones (based on Heizer and Elsasser 1980: Figure 32) (/) 0::: w 0::: w I COASTAL T IDELAND COLLECTORS, SEA HUNTERS AND FI SHERS ~ (/) 0:: w 1-z :::) I Marsh Plants / '\ z Lake Fish Waterfowl w ~ 0::: w I (/) u: w 0::: 0 I (/) w ~ <( ...J Acorns Seeds Deer Elk Rabbits Phytoplankton Shellfish t Surf Fish Sardines Elk Tuna Deer Surf Fish Acorns t Seal • Sea Lion Wiyot, Coast Yurek, Miwok & Pomo, ostanoan, Luisen Modoc, S. Valley Yokuts, Lake Pomo Patwin, Valley Yokuts, Plains Miwok, Gab. ~ Yurok, Puma, Wintu , T olowa, Wailaki ahuilla , Serrano, aviotso, Yuma , have (/) 0::: w 0::: w I Antelope Deer Elk i lt/l>(Tongva) Monache, Gab. (Tongva) ~ ('.) (/) z ~ ...J a.. 0 z <( >-w ...J _J ~ Grasses Salmon Acorns Grass Seeds Fish Acorns Pinenuts • Deer Antelope FOOTHILL HUNTERS GATHERERS Salmon Eels Steel Head Shellfish Acorns Berries Pinon Nuts Mesquite Rabbits Mountain Sheep Maize Beans Squash Fish :::0 < m ~ z m ,, en I m :::0 ~ m z 0 m (/) m :::0 -I I C z -I m :::0 (/) (') 0 r r m (') -I 0 :::0 _(I) ► G) :::0 0 C r -I C :::0 en -I (/) 155 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 136 Figure C - 7. Pacific Rio Grande Trails Landscape (Gates et al. 2013: Figure 4) '-...,. N A ··~ s•-... , Sant • l ~q u e Northern ,• • .... ,, .. Rio Gran River I N l\l EX I Legend •••• •••••••• Landscape Boundary Trails 0 25 50 -- CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION· SITING,TRANSMISSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION SOURCE ESRI. Delorme. Tele Atlas, CEC 100 Miles 150 200 j 156 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 137 Figure C - 8. Juaneño territory map (data courtesy of Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation) cogstone ,ALCONTCL0111'·AIICIIAf0LOCIT·HISTOU .-..... ..._.., [Proj ect Area l / ( ~ ,-;, ' ' So uthe rn Los Ce rr itos Wet land s Resto rati o n City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA 1-_ ~ Juaneno Territory City of Seal Beach Orange County, CA II II ProjectArea ..... ' ' .... \, ' \ ..._ ' ' \ / ..._ I ' I ' \ ,1 0 10 20 Miles I I II I II I I O IO 20 Ki lometers l..w.1l.u.l N A 1 :2 ,000,000 1 in = 32 miles 157 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 138 Figure C - 9. Land grant map 1c rne SAN1ANTONIO ~AUSAL ~(LUGO) REDONDO ------Compton I rrance SANPEDRO (DOM INGUEZ) Carson LOS PAL OS VERDES cogstone 1'4U;0NTOUIG1' · Al{C IV,eca.o~, -Hl'SHl~Y SANTA GERTRUDES N::>!I; (MC·I-ARLAND & DOWN EY) LOS ALAM IT OS So uth ern Los Cerrito s Wetlands Restoration C ity of Long Beach II IJ ProjectArea Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange County, CA D Land Grant LA HABRA SAN JUAN F11ller ,CA JON DE SANTAANA Anaheim y Oran I.AS ROI.SAS 0 2.5 5 Miles I I I I I I I I N 0 2.5 5 Kilomete rs ! 1,1111111 A_ 1 :300,000 1 in = 25 ,000 ft 158 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 139 Figure C - 10. Location of villages within the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Re sto ration C ity of Long Beach Los Angeles Co unty, CA Ci ty or Sea l l:3e ach Orange County, CA • 0 Puvun g na Motuucheyngna II II Los Cerrito s Wetla nd s Co mpl ex 0 1,000 2,000 feet I II I I II I I N 0 250 500 Meters I II I I II I I A l :30,000 l in = 2 ,500 ft 159 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 140 Figure C - 11. Extent of Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape So uth e rn Los Cerrito s Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Ange les Co unty, CA City of Sea l Bcacb Orange County, CA 0 Villa ge Site II IJ So uth ern Proj ect Area □ Los Cerritos We tlands Com pl ex c:J 5-Mile Rad iu s 0 2.5 5 Miles .____.__ ....... _....___.,_.....__..._ __ -I N A 0 2.5 5 Kilometers ... I _.__.__.__._I ....................... ~I 1 :160 ,000 1 in = 13,333 ft 160 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 141 APPENDIX D. USDA HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 161 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 142 Figure D - 1. 1927 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange Cou nty, CA I I I I Project Area 0 500 1,000 Feet .___._ _ _.___.._.....____,.___.__..__~I N 0 I 00 200 Meters ! .__ .... , _._, _._, _1.__,.__.__1 ........ 1 " 1:6,500 I in = 542 ft 162 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 143 Figure D - 2. 1928 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange Cou nty, CA I I I I Project Area 0 500 1,000 Feet .___._ _ _.___.._.....____,.___.__..__~I N 0 I 00 200 Meters ! .__ .... , _._, _._, _1.__,.__.__1 ........ 1 " 1:6,500 I in = 542 ft 163 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 144 Figure D - 3. 1938 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange Cou nty, CA I I I I Project Area 0 500 1,000 Feet .___._ _ _.___.._.....____,.___.__..__~I N 0 I 00 200 Meters ! .__ .... , _._, _._, _1.__,.__.__1 ........ 1 " 1:6,500 I in = 542 ft 164 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 145 Figure D - 4. 1952 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange Cou nty, CA I I I I Project Area 0 500 1,000 Feet .___.__..___.__..___.__..___._~I N 0 I 00 200 Meters ! .__ .... , ........ , _._, _1.__,.__.__,.__1 A. 1:6,500 I in = 542 ft 165 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 146 Figure D - 5. 1962 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange Cou nty, CA I I I I Project Area 0 500 1,000 Feet ._____._ _ __.__.___._ _ _,___,.___.___,I N 0 I 00 200 Meters ! .__..___.__,___.1___.,.__.__ .... , ..... 1 A. 1:6,500 I in = 542 ft 166 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 147 Figure D - 6. 1965 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City or Seal Beach Orange County, CA Ii II Project /\rea 0 500 1,000 Feet ~--'-----~--~---1 N 0 100 200 Meters i LI _._1 __._1 __.___._I ___.1___.___.1 .......... 1 Jl'4. 1 :6,500 1 in = 542 rt 167 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 148 Figure D - 7. 1974 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City or Seal Beach Orange County, CA Ii II Project /\rea 0 500 1,000 Feet ~--~-~--~-~--~! N 0 100 200 Meters i LI _.___._ _ ___.,___.1__.__. .......... 1 Jl'4. 1 :6,500 1 in = 542 rt 168 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 149 Figure D - 8. 1994 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City or Seal Beach Orange County, CA Ii II Project /\rea 0 500 1,000 Feet ~--'-----~--~---1 N 0 100 200 Meters i LI _._1 __._1 __.___._I ___.1___.___.1 .......... 1 Jl'4. 1 :6,500 1 in = 542 rt 169 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 150 Figure D - 9. 2001 USDA Historic Aerial Photograph (Courtesy of UCSB: FrameFinder) Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City or Seal Beach Orange County, CA Ii II Project /\rea 0 500 1,000 Feet ~~-~-~-~~~~-~~! N 0 100 200 Meters i LI ................................ 1 _.__.__.__,I Jl'4. 1 :6,500 1 in = 542 rt 170 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 151 APPENDIX E. PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES 171 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 152 Table E – 1. Previous Studies within a One -mile radius of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area LA-00012 Crabtree, Robert H. Environmental Data Base for The [sic] in the City of Long Beach, California 1973 0 - 1 Mile LA-00057 Leonard, Nelson N. III A Reconnaissance and Evaluation of the Archaeological Resources of the Veterans Administration Hospital Long Beach, California 1974 0 - 1 Mile LA-00491 Dixon, Keith A. Inventory of Archaeological Resources, CSULB Campus 1977 0 - 1 Mile LA-00503 Dixon, Keith A. Archaeological Resources and Policy Recommendations of Long Beach 1974 0 - 1 Mile LA-00522 Cooley, Theodore G. Test Level Investigations Conducted on Sites CA-LAN-274 and 275. 1979 0 - 1 Mile LA-00939 Allen, Lawrence P. The Sims Pond Site, CA-LAN-702, Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, California 1980 0 - 1 Mile LA-01488 Mason, Roger D. and Wayne H. Bonner Archaeological and Paleontological Report on the Channel Point Property 1985 0 - 1 Mile LA-02114 McKenna, Jeanette A. Archaeological Investigations of the Proposed California Shores Property, Long Beach, California 1990 Within Project area LA-02399 Winman, Lois J. and E. Gary Stickel Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor Areas Cultural Resource Survey 1978 0 - 1 Mile LA-02794 Dixon, Keith A. Reviving an Archaeological Project at Rancho Los Alamitos 1972 0 - 1 Mile LA-02795 Desautels, Roger J., K. Dixon, and M. Rosen Correspondence Between R. Desautels, K. Dixon, and M. Rosen 1979 0 - 1 Mile LA-02864 Dixon, Keith A. Comment on Second Incomplete Draft of Implementation Guidelines for the Preservation of Archaeological Resources in Campus Development Project, California State University, Long Beach; Work in Progress as of July 1993 1993 0 - 1 Mile 172 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 153 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area LA-03583 Bucknam, Bonnie M. The Los Angeles Basin and Vicinity: A Gazetteer and Compilation of Archaeological Site Information 1974 0 - 1 Mile LA-03853 Anonymous Phase 1 Archaeological Survey and Cultural Resources Assessment of the Point View Project Study Area, City of Rancho Palos Verdes, Los Angeles County, California 1996 0 - 1 Mile LA-04091 Milliken, Randell and William R. Hildebrandt Assessment of Archaeological Resources at the Rancho Los Alamitos Historic Ranch and Gardens 1997 0 - 1 Mile LA-04157 McLean, Deborah K., Ivan Strudwick, and William McCawley Cultural Resources Assessment for the Marketplace Restaurant and Retail Site, City of Long Beach, Los Angeles County, Ca. 1997 Within Project area LA-04266 Brooks, Sheilagh T. A Deeply-buried Human Skull and Recent Stratigraphy at the Present Mouth of the San Gabriel River, Seal Beach, California 1960 0 - 1 Mile LA-04269 Zahniser, Jack L. Archaeological Salvage Excavations at 4-LAN-306 (known As Puvungna) Summer, 1973 1974 0 - 1 Mile LA-04270 Underwood, Jackson Archaeological Testing for the Information Booth Project, California State University, Long Beach 1993 0 - 1 Mile LA-04274 Underwood, Jackson Archaeological Survey and Testing for the Pipeline Project California State University, Long Beach 1993 0 - 1 Mile LA-04275 Underwood, Jackson Archaeological Testing at the Central Plant Site, California State University, Long Beach 1993 0 - 1 Mile LA-04276 Underwood, Jackson Archaeological Testing of Phase I, the Pedestrian Walkway, Parking Structure B California State University, Long Beach 1993 0 - 1 Mile LA-04277 Underwood, Jackson Archaeological Testing at the Ticket Booth Site, California State University, Long Beach 1993 0 - 1 Mile LA-04355 Widell, Cherilyn E. A Cultural Resources Management Plan for the California State University, Long Beach 1994 0 - 1 Mile 173 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 154 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area LA-05215 McKenna, Jeanette A. A Cultural Resources Investigation of the Proposed Long Beach Ocean Desalination Project, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California 2001 0 - 1 Mile LA-05727 Cottrell, Marie G. A Report of Test Excavations: CA- LAN-702 1975 0 - 1 Mile LA-05890 Strudwick, Ivan H., W. McCawley, D.K.B. McLean, and B.L. Strum Cultural Resource Survey of the Bixby Ranch Parcel Near Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, California 1996 Within Project area LA-06089 McCormick, Steven and Ferraro, David D. Literature Review, Field Reconnaissance, and Grading Monitoring of an Abandoned Oil Field in Long Beach, California 2002 0 - 1 Mile LA-06107 Shepard, Richard S. Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment: Los Alamitos Pump Station Project in Long Beach, Los Angeles County, and Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2003 Within Project area LA-06160 Baksh, Michael, Christopher J. Doolittle, David D. Earle, Donn R. Grenda, and William McCawley Puvungna: A Review of the Ethnohistoric, Archaeological, and Ethnographic Issues Surrounding a Gabrielino Rancheria Near Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, California Draft 1994 0 - 1 Mile LA-06163 Cottrell, Marie G. Archaeological Test Excavations at CA-LAN-702 1975 0 - 1 Mile LA-08487 Strudwick, Ivan H. Cultural Resource Survey of the Alamitos Electrical Generating Station Fuel Oil Tank Farm, City of Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California 2004 0 - 1 Mile LA-08489 Duke, Curt and Judith Marvin Cultural Resource Assessment: Cingular Wireless Facility No. Sm 118-03, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California 2003 0 - 1 Mile 174 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 155 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area LA-08494 Shepard, Richard S. Archaeological Survey Report: Minor Widening of Pacific Coast Highway (PCH, State Route 1) at 2nd Street in the City of Long Beach, Southern Los Angeles County, California 2004 0 - 1 Mile LA-08497 Raab, Mark L. and Matthew Boxt A Research Design and Implementation Guidelines for the Preservation of Archaeological Resources in Campus Development Projects, California State University, Long Beach: Work in Progress As of 27 October, 1993 1993 0 - 1 Mile LA-08498 Raab, Mark L. and Matthew Boxt A Cultural Resources Management Plan for the California State University, Long Beach, Work in Progress As of 3-19-1994 1994 0 - 1 Mile LA-09839 Taniguchi, Christeen Historic Architectural Survey Report: Long Beach VA Hospital Seismic Corrections Project, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, CA 2006 0 - 1 Mile LA-09840 Wills, Carrie Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment, Long Beach VA Hospital Seismic Corrections Project, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California 2006 0 - 1 Mile LA-10483 Fulton, Terri Cultural Resources Assessment for the Alamitos Bay Marina Rehabilitation Project, City of Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California 2009 0 - 1 Mile LA-10527 Weinman, Lois J. Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor Areas Regional Cultural History, Los Angeles County, California 1978 0 - 1 Mile LA-11137 Trinh, Phoung LOP Facsimile Transmittal SPL-2009- 00807-PHT 2009 0 - 1 Mile LA-12224 Mason, Roger, Cary Cotterman, and Josh Smallwood Phase I Archaeological Survey and Phase II Historic Building Evaluations for the Seismic Corrections, Mental Health and Community Living Center Project Depart of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California 2011 0 - 1 Mile 175 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 156 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area LA-12808 Chasteen, Carrie, Tiffany Clark, Richard Hanes, and Michael Mirro Cultural Resources Study of the Wilmington Oil and Gas Field, Los Angeles County, California in Support of Analysis of Oil and Gas Well Stimulation Treatments in California Environmental Impact Report 2014 0 - 1 Mile LA-12960 McKenna, Jeanette A. Cultural Resources Overview: The City of Long Beach Southeast Area Specific Plan, Los Angeles County, California 2016 Within Project area OR-00481 Van Horn, David M. Archaeological Survey Report: the 9 Acre LA Dept. of Water and Power Property Located at the Corner of 1st and Ocean Ave. in the City of Seal Beach 1979 0 - 1 Mile OR-00493 Anonymous Archaeological Survey Report: the Hellman Property in Seal Beach 1980 Within Project area OR-00619 Frierman, Jay D. Field Assessment of CA-ORA-322; Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1981 0 - 1 Mile OR-00639 Anonymous Archaeological Test Report on the Hellman Property Located in Seal Beach 1981 Within Project area OR-00790 Brock, James P. Cultural Resource Assessment of Two Study Areas in the Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 1985 0 - 1 Mile OR-01049 Redwine, Peter Landing Hill 1958 Within Project area OR-01272 Stickel, Gary E. A Baseline Archaeological Study for the City of Seal Beach California 1991 0 - 1 Mile OR-01290 De Barros, Philip and Roger D. Mason Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Unocal Property at 99 Marina Drive Seal Beach, California 1993 0 - 1 Mile OR-01301 Kelsey, Harry and Nicholas Magalousis Historical Review and Archaeological Report for the Unocal On-shore Facility at 99 Marina Drive in Seal Beach California in Two Parts 1993 0 - 1 Mile OR-01348 De Barros, Philip and Roger D. Mason Addendum to Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Unocal Property at 99 Marina Drive Seal Beach, California 1993 0 - 1 Mile 176 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 157 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-01414 Van Horn, David M. The 20+ Acre Site of Proposed New Residential Housing on the Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1981 0 - 1 Mile OR-01421 Smith, Brian F. and Larry J. Pierson Remediation Project at Buildings 10, 69, and 923 at the Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach. 1995 0 - 1 Mile OR-01482 Mason, Roger and Larry Carbone Archaeological Resources Protection Plan for Installation Restoration Sites 4,8,9, Swmu 56 at Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 1996 0 - 1 Mile OR-01568 Clevenger, Joyce M. Extended Phase I Exploratory Survey for the Milcon P-902 Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, Orange County, California 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01581 Whitney- Desautels, Nancy A. Cultural Resource Assessment of the Hellman Ranch, Seal Beach 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01599 Clevenger, Joyce M., Kathleen Crawford, and Andrew Pigniolo Archaeological, Historical, and Architectural Phase 1 Overview Survey, Phase II Evaluation Survey and Historic and Archaeological Resource Protection (harp) Plan of Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, California 1993 0 - 1 Mile OR-01607 Bissell, Ronald M. Archaeological Monitoring of Trenching for Improvements on and Near the Softball Facility, Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station, Orange County, California 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01608 Stickel, Gary E. A Research Design and Investigation Program for Test Level Evaluations of Archaeological Sites Located on the Hellman Ranch, City of Seal Beach, California 1996 Within Project area OR-01609 York, Andrew L., James H. Cleland, and Michael Baksh A Research Design for the Evaluation of Archaeological Sites Within the Hellman Ranch Specific Plan Area 1997 Within Project area OR-01610 Stickel, Gary E. An Archaeological Site Survey of the Hellman Ranch, City of Seal Beach, California 1996 0 - 1 Mile 177 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 158 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-01643 York, Andrew, James H. Cleland, and Michael G. Baksk A Research Design for the Evaluation of Archaeological Sites Within the Hellman Ranch Specific Plan Area 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01816 Stickel, Gary E. A Research Design and Investigation Program for Test Level Evaluations of Archaeological Sites Located on the Hellman Ranch, City of Seal Beach, California 1996 Within Project area OR-01866 Clevenger, Joyce M. Phase I Archaeological Survey of a Parcel Proposed for an Experimental Anaerobic Bioremediation Program Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1996 0 - 1 Mile OR-01897 Unknown Historic Properties Overview and Evaluations on the Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01931 Davy, Douglas M. Archaeological Resources Protection Plan, Decommissioning of the Research, Testing, and Evaluation Area, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01958 Clevenger, Joyce and Kathleen Crawford Phase I - Overview Survey and Phase II - Archaeological, Historical, and Architectural Eligibility Study of Cultural Resources on the Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1995 0 - 1 Mile OR-01960 Mason, Roger and Richard Cerreto Archaeological Resource Protection Plan for the Background Study Sampling Areas at Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 1995 0 - 1 Mile OR-01969 Clevenger, Joyce, and Kathleen Crawford Final Historic and Archaeological Resources Protection (harp) Plan for the Naval Weapons, Station, Seal Beach 1997 0 - 1 Mile OR-01989 Berryman, Judy, and Roy Pettus Archaeological Resources Protection Plan for the Site Inspection Work Plan at the Research, Testing, and Evaluation Area, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 1995 0 - 1 Mile 178 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 159 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-02033 Mason, Roger D. Research Design for Evaluation of Coastal Archaeological Sites in Northern Orange County, California 1987 0 - 1 Mile OR-02070 Bissell, Ronald M. Archaeological Monitoring at Installation Restoration (IR) Site 73, Naval Weapons Station (NAVWPNSTA), Seal Beach, California (CH2M Hill Prime Contract No. N6871-96-d-2299) 2000 0 - 1 Mile OR-02072 Bissell, Ronald M. Archaeological Services at Naval Weapons Station (NAVWPNSTA), Seal Beach, California (CH2M Hill Prime Contract No. N6871-96-d- 2299), Relative to Sampling at Installation Restoration (IR) Sites 12, 16, 25, 37, 38, 42, 44/45, Aoc 6, Swmu 24, 56, 57, Osr, an 2000 0 - 1 Mile OR-02284 Mason, Roger and Cerreto, Richard Archaeological Resources Protection Plan for Installation Restoration Sites 5, 8, 12, 16, 21, 40, 44, and 46 at Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach Orange County, Ca 1995 0 - 1 Mile OR-02286 Bissell, Ronald M. Archaeological Monitoring at Repair Site #21, Naval Weapons Station (NAVWPNSTA) Seal Beach, Ca 2000 0 - 1 Mile OR-02604 Duke, Curt Cultural Resource Assessment at & T Wireless Services Facility No. 13001a Orange County, California 2002 0 - 1 Mile OR-02687 Miller, Jason A. Archaeological Monitoring of Trenching for the Main Telephone Cable Feed Vault on the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station, California 2000 0 - 1 Mile OR-02688 Baillie, David Replacement of a Segment of Clay Sewer Pie, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2002 0 - 1 Mile OR-02774 Shepard, Richard S. Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment: Los Alamitos Pump Station Project in Long Beach, Los Angeles County, and Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2003 Within Project area 179 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 160 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-03172 Tang, Bai "Tom" and Casey Tibbet Historic Resources Evaluation Report Seal Beach Bike Trail Project City of Seal Beach, Orange County 12-ORA- 1-pm 31.11/32.72-kp 50.07/52.66 Ea Oc 3700 2004 0 - 1 Mile OR-03173 Willey, Lorraine M., and Jackson Underwood Archaeological Testing of a Portion of Site CA-ORA-322/1118 Gardeners Road and Bolsa Avenue Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, California 2003 0 - 1 Mile OR-03379 Chatters, James Carl Final Archaeological Data Recovery Report for a Portion of Prehistoric Archaeological Site CA-ORA- 322/1118 to Mitigate Impacts of Soil Removal Remediation 2003 0 - 1 Mile OR-03391 York, Andrew L., James H. Cleland, Lorraine Willey, and Charlane Gross Mitigation Plan for Significant Cultural Resource Discoveries Hellman Ranch Specific Plan Area Seal Beach, California 2003 0 - 1 Mile OR-03562 Monica Strauss Negative Archaeological Monitoring Report for the 400 Marina Drive Development Project, City of Seal Beach, CA 2009 0 - 1 Mile OR-03714 Bonner, Wayne H. Cultural Resources Survey and Historic Architectural Assessment Results for Sprint Telecommunications Facility Candidate OG54XC414D (Browning), 1971 Irvine Boulevard, Tustin, Orange County, California 2004 0 - 1 Mile OR-03715 Bonner, Wayne H. Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for T-Mobile Candidate LA 02899D (Fire Station), 120 1/2 West Walnut Street, Station #5, Santa Ana, Orange County, California 2008 0 - 1 Mile 180 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 161 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-03735 Bai "Tom" Tang Due-Diligence Historical Archaeological Resources Review, City of Seal Beach Sewer Capital Improvement Projects, City of Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2008 0 - 1 Mile OR-03762 Ehringer, Candace Negative Archaeological Monitoring Report for the Hellman Ranch Tank Farm Replacement Project, City of Seal Beach, California 2009 Within Project area OR-03821 Tang, Bai and Michael Hogan Identification and Evaluation of Historic Properties City of Seal Beach Sewer Capital Improvement Projects (Southern Portion/Downtown Area) City of Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2009 0 - 1 Mile OR-03828 Cleland, James, Andrew York, and Lorraine Willey Piecing Together the Prehistory of Landing Hill: A Place Remembered 2007 0 - 1 Mile OR-03870 Mason, Roger Historic Property Survey Report for the West Orange County Connection, Phase II - I-405/I605 HOV Connector Project, Orange County, California 2009 0 - 1 Mile OR-03922 Bonner, Wayne Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for T-Mobile USA Candidate LA33981-E (Faith Christian Assembly), 13820 Seal Beach Boulevard, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2010 0 - 1 Mile OR-04002 Underwood, Jackson Work Plan for Presence/Absence Archaeological Testing of a Portion of Site CA-ORA-322/1118 Gardeners Road and Bolsa Avenue Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, California 2002 0 - 1 Mile OR-04023 Underbrink, Susan Cultural Resources Records Search and Survey Report for the Ocean Place Project, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2005 0 - 1 Mile 181 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 162 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-04030 Whitaker, Adrian R. Evaluation of a Redeposited Site (CA- ORA-1711) for the Marine Corps Reserve Training Center, Project P- 063, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 2011 0 - 1 Mile OR-04031 Padon, Beth Subject: Phase I Archaeological Study Report for Alumni Center at the University of California Irvine Campus 2011 0 - 1 Mile OR-04034 Bucknam, Bonnie M. The Los Angeles Basin and Vicinity: A Gazetteer and Compilation of Archaeological Site Information 1974 0 - 1 Mile OR-04035 Weinman, Lois J., and E. Gary Stickel (also LA2399) Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor Areas Cultural Resource Survey 1978 0 - 1 Mile OR-04047 Lehman, Jane Seal Beach Railroad Right of Way Property, Seal Beach Blvd. - 17th Street - 16th Street - Electric Ave., Seal Beach, CA 2007 0 - 1 Mile OR-04089 Whittenberg, Lee Section 106 Compliance Information City of Seal Beach Water Tank Fence Replacement Project, Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station 2001 0 - 1 Mile OR-04105 Wlodarski, Robert J. Cultural Resources Records Search and Archaeological Survey Results for the proposed Clear Wireless, LLC, Site CA-ORC5863A (OG03XC029C) located at 211 8th Street, Seal Beach, Orange County, California 90740 2010 0 - 1 Mile OR-04143 Baillie, David Sprinkler System Replacement at CA- ORA-322/1118, Reference #5758 Ser. N45W/0153 2004 0 - 1 Mile OR-04172 Chasteen, Carrie Historic Property Survey Report San Diego Freeway (I-405) Improvement Project SR-73 to I-605, Orange and Los Angeles Counties 2011 0 - 1 Mile OR-04189 Gundrum, Darrell Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach Proposal to Improve Security and Access Control Measures at Two Installation Gates: Gate 1 and Gate 9 2005 0 - 1 Mile 182 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 163 Report Number Author(s) Title Year Distance from the Southern LCW Project area OR-04223 Flynn, Chris Notification of Finding of No Adverse Effect with Standard Conditions for the Bridge Deck Maintenance and Sealing at 30 Locations Throughout Orange County, California 2011 0 - 1 Mile OR-04307 Baille, David Reevaluation of the National Register Eligibility Status of Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, Orange County and Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, Detachment Fallbrook, San Diego County 2003 0 - 1 Mile OR-04346 Bissell, Ronald Discovery Plan, Archaeological Services at Naval Weapons Station (NAVWPNSTA), Seal Beach, California for the Upgrade of Main Telephone Cable Feed Vault 2000 0 - 1 Mile OR-04505 Brunzell, David Cultural Resources Assessment of the Seal BH 1 Project, Seal Beach, Orange County, California (BCR Consulting Project No. TRF1427) 2015 0 - 1 Mile OR-04553 Bonner, Wayne H. Phase I Survey Marina Drive, Seal Beach 1999 0 - 1 Mile 183 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 164 APPENDIX F. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES 184 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 165 Table F – 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within a 3-mile radius of the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 000102 CA-LAN- 102 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1966 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000231 CA-LAN- 231 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Dark Soil 1961 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000232 CA-LAN- 232 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Dark Soil 1961 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000233 CA-LAN- 233 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Dark Soil 1961 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000234 CA-LAN- 234 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Puvungna Village Site, Surface Shell, Chipping Waste 1960 NR: 1D 2 - 3 miles 19- 000235 CA-LAN- 235 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Puvungna Village Site, Surface Shell, Chipping Waste 1960 NR: 1D 2 - 3 miles 19- 000236 CA-LAN- 236 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Dark Soil 1961 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 000271 CA-LAN- 271 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1959 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000272 CA-LAN- 272 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Partial Burial 1961 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 19- 000273 CA-LAN- 273 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1961 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 185 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 166 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 000274 CA-LAN- 274 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1961 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000275 CA-LAN- 275 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1961 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000306 CA-LAN- 306 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Gabrielino Village Site 1951, 1964, 1972, 1973, 1997 1D 1 - 2 miles 19- 000698 CA-LAN- 698 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Surface Shell, Chipping Waste 1974 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 000699 CA-LAN- 699 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Chipping Waste 1974 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 000700 CA-LAN- 700 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1974 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 000701 CA-LAN- 701 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1974 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 000702 CA-LAN- 702 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1974 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 000703 CA-LAN- 703 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1974 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 000705 CA-LAN- 705 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1974 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 001000 CA-LAN- 1000 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1979; 1994 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 001001 CA-LAN- 1001 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1979 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 001002 CA-LAN- 1002 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1979 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 186 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 167 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 001003 CA-LAN- 1003 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1979, 1994 Recommended - not a resource 2 - 3 miles 19- 001004 CA-LAN- 1004 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1979, 1994 Recommended - not a resource 2 - 3 miles 19- 001005 CA-LAN- 1005 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1979, 1994 Recommended - not a resource 2 - 3 miles 19- 001006 CA-LAN- 1006 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1979 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 001007 CA-LAN- 1007 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1979 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 001821 CA-LAN- 001821 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Site 1990 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 19- 002616 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Seasonally-Utilized Food Processing/Consumption Station 1997 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 002629 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977, 1994 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 002630 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Seasonally-Utilized Food Processing/Consumption Station 1994 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 003040 Historic Archaeological Site Oil Extraction Facility with Tank Farms 2000 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 187 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 168 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 004780 CA-LAN- 4780H Historic Archaeological Site Surficial Refuse Scatter 2016 Unevaluated 0.5 - 1 mile 19- 004781 Historic Archaeological Site LSA-LYC1501-S-2 2017 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 19- 004797 CA-LAN- 4797H Historic Archaeological Site Navy Hospital Refuse Site 2015 Recommended not eligible 2 - 3 miles 19- 004805 CA-LAN- 4805H Multi- Component Archaeological Site Shell Deposit and Historic Glazed Ceramics 2015 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120038 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120039 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120040 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120041 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120042 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120043 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120044 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 188 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 169 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 120045 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 120046 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120047 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 120048 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 120049 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 120050 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120052 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 19- 120053 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1977 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 19- 178684 Historic Archaeological Site Rancho Los Alamitos 1981 nominated for NRHP 1 - 2 miles 19- 186115 Historic Built Environment Long Beach Marine Stadium 1993, 1994, 2009 NR: 5S1 0 - 0.25 mile 189 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 170 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 186681 Historic Built Environment 200 Nieto Ave. 2002 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 19- 186880 Multi- Component Archaeological Site Alamitos Generating Station Fuel Oil Tank Farm 2004 Unevaluated for NRHP; Recommended not eligible for CRHR 0.5 - 1 mile 19- 186926 Historic Built Environment Los Alamitos Pump Station 2003 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 19- 187654 Historic Built Environment HRI #152957, 212 Quincy Ave. 2003 Recommend eligible of NRHP, Criterion B 2 - 3 miles 19- 187656 Historic Built Environment HRI #150929, 5901 East 7th St. Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 19- 187657 Historic Built Environment Bixby Ranch Field Office, 6433 Westminster Ave. 1996, 2016 Recommended eligible for NRHP under Criterion A/CRHR under Criterion 1 0.5 - 1 mile 19- 188776 Historic Built Environment 3933 E. Broadway 2002, 2006, 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 190 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 171 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 189429 Historic Built Environment 5320 E 2nd St, Lorbeer Building 2009 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 19- 189860 Historic Built Environment SCE Transmission Tower M-1 T-2, APN #7238-030-802 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189879 Historic Built Environment 1627 Stevely Ave. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189880 Historic Built Environment 6979 E. El Cedral St. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189881 Historic Built Environment 6979 E. El Cedral Street 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189882 Historic Built Environment 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189883 Historic Built Environment 1921 N. Hidden Lane 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189884 Historic Built Environment 1967 N. Hidden Lane 2011 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 191 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 172 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 189885 Historic Built Environment 2015 N. Hidden Lane 2011 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189886 Historic Built Environment 7140 E. Atherton Street 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189887 Historic Built Environment 7100 E. Atherton Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189888 Historic Built Environment 1819 Lees Avenue 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189889 Historic Built Environment 1921 Lees Avenue 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189925 Historic Built Environment 1820 N. Studebaker Rd. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189926 Historic Built Environment 2017 Ostrom Ave. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 189927 Historic Built Environment 2129 Vuelta Grande Ave. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 192 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 173 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 19- 189991 Historic Built Environment HRI #181096 Hafley House, 5561 E La Pasada St., Long Beach 2011 NR: 1S; 3S 2 - 3 miles 19- 190055 Historic Built Environment Anthony's Shopping Plaza, APN: 7231-013- 028, 1800-1818 Palo Verde Ave, Long Beach 2012 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 19- 190670 Historic Built Environment Wineke Building, 3233 E Broadway, L.B., APN:7264-004-022 2009 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 000143 CA-ORA- 000143 Multi- Component Archaeological Site Landing Hill #10 1964, 1965, 1969, 1997 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 000256 CA-ORA- 000256 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation debris 1969, 1996 Unevaluated Within Project area 30- 000257 CA-ORA- 000257 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic scatter 1969, 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000258 CA-ORA- 000258 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Hearths/pits, Habitation Debris 1969, 1996 Unevaluated Within Project area 30- 000259 CA-ORA- 000259 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Habitation Debris 1969, 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 193 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 174 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 000260 CA-ORA- 000260 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Habitation Debris 1969, 1996 Unevaluated Within Project area 30- 000261 CA-ORA- 000261 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Groundstone 1969 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000262 CA-ORA- 000262 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Habitation Debris 1969, 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000263 CA-ORA- 000263 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Habitation Debris 1969, 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000264 CA-ORA- 000264 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Burials, Habitation Debris 1969 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000298 CA-ORA- 298 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden 1971 NR: 2S2 1 - 2 miles 30- 000322 CA-ORA- 000322/H Multi- Component Archaeological Site Foundations/structure pads, Privies/dumps/trash scatter, Wells/cisterns, Lithic Scatter, Ceramic Scatter, Habitation Debris 1971, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000 Nominated for NRHP under Criterion D 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000850 CA-ORA- 000850 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter pre-1976; 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 000851 CA-ORA- 000851 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris pre-1976; 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 194 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 175 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 000852 CA-ORA- 000852 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 001352 CA-ORA- 1352 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell 1972 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 30- 001455 CA-ORA- 001455 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris, Shell Midden 1996, 1997 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001463 CA-ORA- 1463 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Midden, Chipping Waste 1985 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 30- 001473 CA-ORA- 001473 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 1996 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 001502 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Artifact Scatter 1999; 2010 Recommended eligible for NRHP under Criterion D 1 - 2 miles 30- 001503 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 1999; 2011 Recommended eligible for NRHP under Criterion D 2 - 3 miles 30- 001504 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 1999 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001505 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 1999 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001539 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 2000 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001540 CA-ORA- 001540 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 2000 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 195 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 176 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 001541 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 2000 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001542 CA-ORA- 001542/H Multi- Component Archaeological Site Privies/dumps/trash scatter, Habitation Debris 2000 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001543 Historic Built Environment 30-001543-1 2000 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 001544 ORA- 001544 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Lithic Scatter, Habitation Debris 2000 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 001545 ORA- 001545 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 2000 Unevaluated 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 001546 ORA- 001546 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 2000 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001568 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 2000 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001570 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 2000 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001571 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 2000 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001572 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell Scatter 2000 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001644 ORA- 001644 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 2006 Unevaluated 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001711 ORA- 001711 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Habitation Debris 2011 evaluated to not be a resource 0.25 - 0.5 mile 196 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 177 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 001714 CA-ORA- 1714 Prehistoric Archaeological Site Shell, Artifact Scatter 2011; 2015 Recommended eligible for NRHP under Criterion D 2 - 3 miles 30- 001746 CA-ORA- 1746H Multi- Component Archaeological Site Historic Refuse, Shell Scatter 2014 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 001782 Historic Archaeological Site Concrete and Wood Piling Bulkhead 2018 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001783 Historic Archaeological Site Seal Beach Electric Generating Station 2018 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001784 Historic Archaeological Site Unnamed Historic Road Remnants 2018 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 001785 Historic Archaeological Site Segment of Historic Coast Boulevard Alignment 2018 Recommended not eligible for NRHP/CRHR 0.25 - 0.5 mile 30- 100142 Historic Archaeological Isolate Glass Bottle Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 100209 Prehistoric Archaeological Isolate Flake 2014 Unevaluated 2 - 3 miles 30- 156069 Historic Built Environment Old Seal Beach City Hall, 201 8th St. 2011 NR: 1S 0.25 – 0.5 mile 197 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 178 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 162271 Historic Built Environment HRI #090012, Anaheim Landing 2014; 1980; 1935 CPHI no. 219 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 162293 Historic Built Environment HRI #090904, Seal Beach Red Car, Main St. and Electric Ave. 1985 NR: 7P 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176491 Historic Built Environment Underground utilities, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176492 Historic Built Environment Building #16 / Recreation Building, QC 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176493 Historic Built Environment Building #22 / Administration Office Bldg., QC 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176494 Historic Built Environment Building #24 / Filling Sta-Storage Bldg., QC ca. 1992 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176495 Historic Built Environment Building #26 / EM Barracks Bldg. ca. 1992 Unknown 0 - 0.25 mile 198 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 179 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176496 Historic Built Environment Bldg. #38, 70, 74, 103, 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176497 Historic Built Environment Building #90 / Compressed air plant Bldg. 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176498 Historic Built Environment Building #92 / Pump House No. 2 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176499 Historic Built Environment Building #93 / Flammables Storehouse 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176500 Historic Built Environment Building #98 / Steam- out shed building 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176501 Historic Built Environment Building #99 / Heating Plant Building 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176502 Historic Built Environment Building #100/ Compressed Air Bldg. 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 199 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 180 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176503 Historic Built Environment Building #101 / Vacuum Dust Removal Bldg. 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176504 Historic Built Environment Building #102 / Ammo Rework Facility 1992 Unevaluated 1 - 2 miles 30- 176505 Historic Built Environment Water tank No. 2 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176506 Historic Built Environment Pass and ID Office 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176507 Historic Built Environment Building #201 / General Storehouse 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176508 Historic Built Environment Building #202, Sentry Shelter, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176509 Historic Built Environment Building #203 / Fire Station 1999 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 200 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 181 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176510 Historic Built Environment Building #204 / Administration Building ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176511 Historic Built Environment Building #205 / Flagpole ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176512 Historic Built Environment Building #206 / Administration Office Bldg. ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176513 Historic Built Environment Building #207 / Water Storage Tank, QC 1992 NR: 6Y 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176514 Historic Built Environment Building #208 / PW Pest Cont/Garden Sup Bldg. ca. 1992 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176515 Historic Built Environment Building #210 1992, 2007 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176515 Historic Built Environment Building #213 1992, 2007 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0.25 – 0.5 mile 201 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 182 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176515 Historic Built Environment Building #215 1992, 2007 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated for CRHR 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176516 Historic Built Environment Building #211, 214, 216, Quarters A, B, C 1992, 2007 NR: 6Y 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 176517 Historic Built Environment Building #226 / Printing Shop ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176518 Historic Built Environment Building #227 / Sub- station ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176519 Historic Built Environment Building #229 / QED Comptroller Office Building, QC ca. 1992 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176520 Historic Built Environment Building #230 / PW Office, QC ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176521 Historic Built Environment Building #231 / PW Metal Storage Building ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176522 Historic Built Environment Building #232 /PW Oil Storage Building ca. 1992 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 202 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 183 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176523 Historic Built Environment Building #233 / PW Vehicle Parking Shed ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176524 Historic Built Environment Building #234 / PW Carpenters Shop Annex ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176525 Historic Built Environment Building #235 ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176526 Historic Built Environment Building #237 / Boiler Housing Bldg. ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176527 Historic Built Environment Building #238 / Flammables Storehouse ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176528 Historic Built Environment Building #239 / General Warehouse Building ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176529 Historic Built Environment Building #240 / Railroad Equip Maintenance Shop ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176530 Historic Built Environment Building #241 / Container Repair Bldg. ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 203 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 184 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176531 Historic Built Environment Building #242 / Gen Storage Shed Bldg., QC ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176532 Historic Built Environment Building #243 / Incinerator Bldg., QC ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176533 Historic Built Environment Building #244 / Quonset Hut Storehouse ca. 1992 NR: 6Y 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176544 Historic Built Environment Anderson Street Water Tower, 101 Anderson Street 1976 Nominated for NRHP 1 - 2 miles 30- 176752 Historic Built Environment Parasol Restaurant, 12241 Seal Beach Blvd. 2004 NR: 3CS 2 - 3 miles 30- 176778 Historic Built Environment Taco Surf Restaurant and Cantina, 16281 Pacific Coast Highway 2004 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 204 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 185 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176803 Historic Built Environment NASA Saturn S-II Historic District, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176840 Historic Built Environment Administrative Area, Naval Weapons Station, 800 Seal Beach ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176841 Historic Built Environment Baseball Diamond, MWR Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176841 Historic Built Environment Softball Diamond, MWR Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176841 Historic Built Environment Tennis Facility, MWR Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176841 Historic Built Environment Patio, MWR Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176841 Historic Built Environment Restroom, MWR Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176841 Historic Built Environment Lifeguard Stand, MWR Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 205 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 186 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176842 Historic Built Environment BEQ Complex, 800 Seal Beach Blvd. ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176843 Historic Built Environment Bunker 33, 800 Seal Beach Blvd. ca. 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176844 Historic Built Environment Building 59, Guided Missile Facilities ca. 1998 NR: 6Y 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176844 Historic Built Environment Building 137, Guided Missile Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176844 Historic Built Environment Building 61, Guided Missile Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176845 Historic Built Environment Building 89, Quality Evaluation Labs & Support Facilities 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176845 Historic Built Environment Buildings 432-437, Quality Evaluation Labs & Support Facilities 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176846 Historic Built Environment Bldg. 78, Missile Facilities by Lapota, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 206 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 187 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176846 Historic Built Environment Bldg. 915, Missile Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176846 Historic Built Environment Bldg. 923 | Missile Facilities by Lapota, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176846 Historic Built Environment Bldg. 906 (orig. demolished), Missile Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176847 Historic Built Environment Bldg. 264, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176847 Historic Built Environment Building 85, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176847 Historic Built Environment Building 248, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 207 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 188 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176847 Historic Built Environment Building 86 (demolished), Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176847 Historic Built Environment Building 414, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176847 Historic Built Environment Building 921 (demolished), Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176848 Historic Built Environment Building 88, Anti- Submarine Warfare Complex 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176848 Historic Built Environment Building 87, Anti- Submarine Warfare Complex 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176849 Historic Built Environment Old Ordnance Disposal Area, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 208 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 189 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176850 Historic Built Environment Buildings 426-431, Small Arched Vault Magazines 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176850 Historic Built Environment Building 104, Small Arched Vault Magazines 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176850 Historic Built Environment Building 318, Small Arched Vault Magazines 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176850 Historic Built Environment Building 599, Small Arched Vault Magazines 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176850 Historic Built Environment Building 456, Small Arched Vault Magazines 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176851 Historic Built Environment Building 849, Sentry Shelters 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176851 Historic Built Environment Building 848, Sentry Shelters 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 209 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 190 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176851 Historic Built Environment Building 107, Sentry Shelters 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176852 Historic Built Environment Buildings 224, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, 253, Prefabricated Buildings 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176852 Historic Built Environment Prefabricated Buildings, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176853 Historic Built Environment Building 236, Public Works Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176853 Historic Built Environment Building 250, Public Works Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176853 Historic Built Environment Building 254, Public Works Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176853 Historic Built Environment Building 260, Public Works Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 210 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 191 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176853 Historic Built Environment Building 228, Public Works Support Facilities ca. 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176855 Historic Built Environment Building 259, Converted Lighters 1998 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 176855 Historic Built Environment Building 306, Converted Lighters 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176855 Historic Built Environment Building 303, Converted Lighters 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176855 Historic Built Environment Building 413 (demolished), Location based on UTM coords. 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 317, Wharf Area 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 321, Wharf Area 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 311, Wharf Area 1998 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 349, Wharf Area 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 211 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 192 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 344, mooring, Mapped to aerial 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 345, mooring, Mapped to aerial 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 352, mooring, Mapped to aerial 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176856 Historic Built Environment Building 348, Wharf Area 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176857 Historic Built Environment Buildings 354, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, Shipboard Electronic Systems Evaluation Facility 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176858 Historic Built Environment Buildings 401, 422, 423, 424, and Various, Small Arms Range 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 212 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 193 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176859 Historic Built Environment Building 420, LORAC Support Structure 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176860 Historic Built Environment Building 502, Support Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176860 Historic Built Environment Building 922, Support Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176860 Historic Built Environment Building 925, Support Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176860 Historic Built Environment Building 920, Support Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176860 Historic Built Environment Building 909, Support Facilities by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 213 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 194 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176861 Historic Built Environment 3-Vault Ammunition Magazines by Brooks and Miller, 15 buildings (see record) 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176862 Historic Built Environment Building 813, Box Vault Magazines by Brooks and Miller 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176862 Historic Built Environment Building 811, Box Vault Magazines by Brooks and Miller 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176862 Historic Built Environment Building 859, Box Vault Magazines by Brooks and Miller 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176863 Historic Built Environment Building 850, 800 Area Non-Magazine Structures 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176863 Historic Built Environment Building 868, 800 Area Non-Magazine Structures 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 214 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 195 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176863 Historic Built Environment Building 877, 800 Area Non-Magazine Structures 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176863 Historic Built Environment Building 866, Helicopter Landing Pad, 800 Area Non-Magazine Structures 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176863 Historic Built Environment Buildings 878 & 879, 800 Area Non-Magazine Structures 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176863 Historic Built Environment Building 867, 800 Area Non-Magazine Structures 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176864 Historic Built Environment Building 852, Box Vault Magazine by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176865 Historic Built Environment Building 858, Single Arch Magazines by Ivor Lyons 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176865 Historic Built Environment Building 856, Single Arch Magazines by Ivor Lyons 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 215 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 196 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 176865 Historic Built Environment Building 854, Single Arch Magazines by Ivor Lyons 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176866 Historic Built Environment Building 863, Multi- Arch magazines by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176866 Historic Built Environment Building 865, Multi- Arch Magazines by Lapota 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 176867 Historic Built Environment Buildings 883 & 884, Single Arch Magazines by Lapota ca. 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 176868 Historic Built Environment Buildings 910 & 911, 3- Vault Missile Magazines 1998 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 177074 Historic Built Environment Los Alamitos Channel 2011 Unknown 0.5 - 1 mile 30- 177289 Historic Built Environment 1860 Saint John Road 2010 NR: 3CD 1 - 2 miles 30- 177290 Historic Built Environment 13040 Del Monte Dr. 2011 NR: 3CD 1 - 2 miles 216 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 197 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177291 Historic Built Environment 1515 Northwood Road 2010 NR: 3CD 1 - 2 miles 30- 177292 Historic Built Environment 13100 Oak Hills Dr. 2010 NR: 3CD 1 - 2 miles 30- 177293 Historic Built Environment 13040 Oak Hills Dr. 2010 NR: 3CD 1 - 2 miles 30- 177294 Historic Built Environment 1040 Foxburg Road 2010 NR: 3CD 1 - 2 miles 30- 177295 Historic Built Environment 136 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177296 Historic Built Environment 156 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177297 Historic Built Environment 196 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177298 Historic Built Environment 200 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 217 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 198 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177299 Historic Built Environment 212 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177300 Historic Built Environment 216 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177301 Historic Built Environment 213 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177302 Historic Built Environment 217 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177303 Historic Built Environment 214 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177304 Historic Built Environment 218 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177305 Historic Built Environment 215 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 218 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 199 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177306 Historic Built Environment 219 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177307 Historic Built Environment 216 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177308 Historic Built Environment 220 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177309 Historic Built Environment 217 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177310 Historic Built Environment 221 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177311 Historic Built Environment 218 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177312 Historic Built Environment 222 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 219 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 200 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177313 Historic Built Environment 219 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177314 Historic Built Environment 223 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177315 Historic Built Environment 220 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177316 Historic Built Environment 224 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177317 Historic Built Environment 221 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177318 Historic Built Environment 225 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177319 Historic Built Environment 222 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 220 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 201 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177320 Historic Built Environment 226 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177321 Historic Built Environment 223 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177322 Historic Built Environment 227 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177323 Historic Built Environment 224 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177324 Historic Built Environment 228 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177325 Historic Built Environment 225 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177326 Historic Built Environment 229 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 221 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 202 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177327 Historic Built Environment 226 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177328 Historic Built Environment 230 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177329 Historic Built Environment 227 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177330 Historic Built Environment 231 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177331 Historic Built Environment 228 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177332 Historic Built Environment 232 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177333 Historic Built Environment 229 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 222 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 203 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177334 Historic Built Environment 233 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177335 Historic Built Environment 230 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177336 Historic Built Environment 234 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177337 Historic Built Environment 231 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177338 Historic Built Environment 235 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177339 Historic Built Environment 232 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177340 Historic Built Environment 236 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 223 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 204 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177341 Historic Built Environment 233 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177342 Historic Built Environment 237 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177343 Historic Built Environment 234 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177344 Historic Built Environment 238 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177345 Historic Built Environment 235 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177346 Historic Built Environment 239 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177347 Historic Built Environment 236 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 224 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 205 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177348 Historic Built Environment 240 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177349 Historic Built Environment 237 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177350 Historic Built Environment 241 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177351 Historic Built Environment 238 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177352 Historic Built Environment 242 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177353 Historic Built Environment 239 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177354 Historic Built Environment 243 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 225 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 206 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177355 Historic Built Environment 240 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177356 Historic Built Environment 244 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177357 Historic Built Environment 241 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177358 Historic Built Environment 245 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177359 Historic Built Environment 242 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177360 Historic Built Environment 246 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177361 Historic Built Environment 243 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 226 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 207 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177362 Historic Built Environment 247 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177363 Historic Built Environment 244 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177364 Historic Built Environment 248 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177365 Historic Built Environment 245 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177366 Historic Built Environment 249 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177367 Historic Built Environment 246 College Park Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 30- 177368 Historic Built Environment 250 College Park Drive 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 1 - 2 miles 227 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 208 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 177393 Historic Built Environment 11491 Martha Ann Dr. 2010 Recommended not eligible for NRHP; Unevaluated CRHR 2 - 3 miles 30- 177445 Historic Built Environment Main Gate 1 Entrance Wall, Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 179841 Historic Built Environment Quarters H, J-M | Building 212, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0 - 0.25 mile 30- 179841 Historic Built Environment Quarters H, J-M | Building 217, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179841 Historic Built Environment Quarters H, J-M | Building 218, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 228 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 209 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 179842 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Sewer Lift Station, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179843 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Maintenance Building, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179844 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Mailbox Covers, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179845 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Building Type VI, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 229 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 210 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 179846 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Building Type V, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179847 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Building Type IV, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179848 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Building Type III, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179849 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Building Type II, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 30- 179850 Historic Built Environment Sea Breeze Village, Building Type I, Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach ca. 1999 Unknown 0.25 – 0.5 mile 230 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 211 Primary Number Trinomial Resource Type Resource Description Year Recorded NRHP/CRHR Status Code Distance from Project area 30- 179859 Historic Built Environment Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach, 800 Seal Beach Blvd. ca. 1999 Nominated for NRHP under Criteria A, C, D 0 - 0.25 mile 231 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 212 APPENDIX G. HISTORIC TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 232 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 213 Figure G - 1. 1896 USGS Downey topographic map (1:62,500) co~tone J'UEONTOLOOY -... ltCH ... EOL03Y -NISf01n' Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange County, CA II I I Project Arca USGS 15' Quads: Down ey 1896 Las Bolsas 1896 0 0 0.5 I I II I I :50,000 0.5 _,,.. I I 1 Miles I I Kilometers I ( N A I in = 4 ,167 ft 233 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 214 Figure G - 2. 1935 USGS Los Alamitos topographic map (1:31,680) South ern Lo s Cerrito s Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Sea l Beach Orange Co unty, CA I 464- 61 I I I J Project Arca USGS 7.5' Quads: Seal Beac h 1935 Los Alamitos 1935 ;/ / 0 0.25 0.5 Miles I I I I I N 0 0.25 0.5 Kilom eters ! L.....J.,___._, ............. 1 ........ , ............. ,_.1 1' 1 :20,000 I in = 1,667ft 234 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 215 Figure G - 3. 1942 USGS Downey topographic map (1:31,680) So uthern Los Cerritos Wet lands Re storat ion C ity of Lo ng Beach Los A nge les Co unty, CA C ity of Sea l B each Orange Co unty, CA I I I J Proj ect A rca USGS 15 ' Q uad s: Dow ney 1942 Las B o lsas 19 43 0 0.2 5 0.5 M il es I I I I I N 0 0 .25 0.5 Kil o me te rs ! L.....L.1 ..... 1__._1 ...... l_._~1~1 1' 1 :20,000 I in = 1,667 ft 235 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 216 APPENDIX H. SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH 236 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 217 Cultural and Environmental Department 1550 Harbor Blvd., Suite 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 Phone: (916) 373-3710 Email: n ahc@nahc.ca.9ov Website: http://www.n ahc.ca.gov Twitter: @CA_NAHC March 21, 2019 Candace Ehringer ESA VIA Email to: cehringer@esassoc.com RE: Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Plan Program Environmental Impact Report Project , Los Angeles and Orange Counties Dear Ms. Ehringer: A record search of the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) was completed for the information you have submitted for the above referenced project. The results were positive. Please contact the tribes on the attached list for more information. Other sources of cultural resources should also be contacted for information regarding known and recorded sites. Attached is a list of Native American tribes who may also have knowledge of cultural resources in the project area. This list should provide a starting place in locating areas of potential adverse impact within the proposed project area. I suggest you contact all of those indicated; if they cannot supply information, they might recommend others with specific knowledge . By contacting all those listed, your organization will be better able to respond to claims of failure to consult with the appropriate tribe. If a response has not been received within two weeks of notification, the Commission requests that you follow-up with a telephone call or email to ensure that the project information has been received. If you receive notification of change of addresses and phone numbers from tribes , please notify the NAHC. With your assistance, we can assure that our lists contain current information. If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me at my email address: st even .quinn@nah c.ca. gov. Sincer ely, J1ki_ k Steven Quinn Associate Governmental Program Analyst Attachment 237 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 218 APPENDIX I. SAMPLE TAG INVITATION 238 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 219 Gove rning Board Samuel Schuchat, Chair Coastal Con se1vancy Suzie Price, Vice-Chair City o f Long Beach J oe r<a lrnic k , Board Me mbe r City o f Seal Beach Robe rto Uranga, Board Me mbe r Rivers and Moun tains Conservancy Mark Stanley Execu tive Officer Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority April 27, 2021 Cindi Alvitre Ti'at Society/Traditional Council of Pi mu 3094 Mace Avenue Apt B Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Re: Invitation to Los Cerritos Wetlands Tribal Advisory Group Dear Cindi Alvitre, The Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority (LCWA) hopes this letter find your fam ilies healthy during this trying time. The LCWA invites the Ti'at Society/Traditional Council of Pimu to join the Los Cerritos Wetlands Triba l Advisory Group (TAG). I am reaching out to you because you consulted with the LCWA through AB52 for the Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Plan Program E IR (PEIR), certified on January 7, 2021. The LCWA acknowledges the importance of the wetlands to your t ribe and we would like to continue to consult with you regard ing LCWA's habitat restoration plans for a portion of the Los Cerritos Wetlands. As you know, the LCWA is a local public agency establ ished in 2006 with two state conservancies, the State Coastal Conservancy and San Gabriel and Lower Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy, and the cities of Long Beach and Seal Beach. The LCWA was established to acquire, manage, and restore the Los Cerritos Wetlands. Since 2006, LCWA has acquired 17 0 acres of the wetlands, established community restoration programs, and have been actively planning res toration of the entire 500-acre Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex (see attached Projec t Location Map). The LCWA has received funding to move forward on project level designs on 105-acres of wetlands in Seal Beach , near Heron Point, called the Sout h Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project (South LCW Project). We are convening the TAG in order to collaborate first wi th all tribes that consulted with LCWA through the AB52 process, and potentia lly other T ribes in the futu re, in order to involve tribal perspectives early on and throughout planning development, and to incorporate traditional ecolog ical knowledg e into restoration designs. As part of the South LCW Project , the LCWA looks to accomplish the following: Conduct focused biological, geotechnical , and archeological surveys Complete 65% restoration designs and project level CEQA Complete a Traditional Cultural Landscape Study of the Los Cerrit os Wetlands Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority · El E n canto · JOO N . O ld San Gabriel Canyon Road · Azusa. CA 91702 • Ofltce-626 .815.10 I 9 • Fax-626.815.1269 • 239 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 220 RE: Invitation to Los Cerritos Wetlands Tribal Advisory Group April 27, 2021 Page 2 In the PEIR, the LCWA agreed with the consulting Tribes that the Los Cerritos Wetlands is part of a tribal traditional cultural landscape (TCL) and could be significantly impacted by projects conducted within the wetlands. Because the TCL was not formally documented, the LCWA has hired Cogstone Resource Management to conduct a TCL study. This will include: A records search for a 5 mile buffer around the entire Los Cerritos Wetlands to put the wetlands into a larger regional context. Conducting ethnographic and historic research to document past use of the Los Cerritos Wetlands, and wetlands in general, by the Tongva and Acjachemen. This would include documenting the collection of salt from the wetlands and the connection of the Cerritos wetlands to the villages of Puvungna and Motuucheyngna . Collecting oral histories from Tribal community members as recommended by the Tribal representatives and digitally record their explanations of current and past usage of the wetlands. At the end of the project, digital and hard copies of the finalized oral history will be provided to each participant and Tribe . Participants will be compensated for their time. Currently we have government and private grant funding to compensate each Tribe's participation on TAG . Please see the LCW Tribal Advisory Group framework document attached which includes a more detailed description of this group. It is a draft, so we welcome any feedback you have. Since there are multiple concurrent planning efforts taking place w ithin the Los Cerritos Wetlands, we want to take this opportunity to clarify the differences between the LCWA's South LCW planning effort and the Los Cerritos Wetlands Oil Consolidation and Restoration Project, a parallel planning process taking place within the North Area of the wetlands . While the LCWA's restoration plan (i.e . PEIR) does encompass the boundaries of much of the Wetlands Oil Consolidation and Restoration Project , that project is led by Beach Oil Mineral Partners (BOMP) and not LCWA. The LCWA is a co-applicant of the project's Coastal Development Permit because the 5-acre property owned by LCWA is involved in the land swap. LCWA has been involved in the planning proce ss in an advisory role to ensure the developed plans for the Los Cerritos Wetlands Oil Consolidation and Restoration Project are in lin e with LCWA's habitat re storation goals . While the LCWA maintains an active partnership with BOMP for the improvement of the Los Cerritos Wetlands, we do not oversee or advise on their day to day operations or tribal consultation and monitoring efforts. The formation of the TAG is something the LCWA looks forward to, and we hope that you will join us! We w ant to schedule the initial intertribal TAG meeting on May 25, 2021 from 10am-12pm. The meeting w ill be held remotely. Los Cerritos We tlands Author ity · El En canto · 100 N . O ld Sa n Gabriel C anyon Road· Azu sa, CA 91702 ♦ Office-626.8 15 .10 19 ♦ Fax-626.815.1269 ♦ 240 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 221 RE: Invitation to Los Cerritos Wetlands Tribal Advisory Group April 27, 2021 Page 3 Please contact Sally Gee, Project Manager, (1.) if your tribe is interested in participating in the TAG, (2 .) if you can attend the initial TAG meeting on the date and time mentioned above, and (3 .) provide us with the name and contact information of your tribal representative(s). If your tribe is no longer interested in participating, please let us know that as w ell. Ms . Gee is also available to answer any questions you may have . We look forward to working with you. Sally Gee, LCWA Project Manager 100 N . Old San Gabriel Canyon Rd. Azusa, CA 91702 Office: 626-815-1019 x 104 sgee@rmc.ca. gov Sincerely, Mark Stanley Executive Officer Attachments: LCW Tribal Advisory Group_Draft Framework 2021.04 Project Location Map Los Cerritos We tlands Author ity · El En canto · 100 N . O ld Sa n Gabriel C anyon Road· Azu sa, CA 91702 ♦ Office-626.8 15 .10 19 ♦ Fax-626.815.1269 ♦ 241 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 222 Los Cerritos Wetlands Tribal Advisory Group Draft Framework Lead: Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority (LCWA) representatives from the State Coasta l Conservancy and the San Gabriel and Low er Los Angeles Ri vers and Mountains Conserva ncy Participants: Tribes (traditio nal know ledge input, design input, and tribal cultural experts) LCWA Consultants (present and solicit feed back on designs/ stewardshi p) Goal of Tribal Advisory Group from LCWA perspective: Establish a long-term relationship between tribal entities and t he LCWA Incorporate traditional ecological know ledge and tribal perspectives into restora tion designs and a Traditi onal Cultural Landscape Study for t he LCW Keep tribal community updated on progress of projects Provide enhanced access to the LCW to tribal community Suggested meeting schedule: 2-4 meetings annually depending on project milestones a nd nee d through the end of 2022, 2-hour meetings Topics of discussion: Tribal Goals and Objectives of restoration in the LCW complex Southern Lo s Cerritos Wetlands Restoration P roject o Resto ration design input Biological resou rces C ultu ra l resources Landscape design Traditiona l Ecological Knowledge o Public access design input Signage/ educationa l materials (future ph ases) o Private tribal dedication area o Cu ltural interpretat ion of technical studies o Native American monitoring (data collection/ construct ion phase) o Traditional Cultural Landscape Study Public programming/ stewardship activities (could happen now, no fundi ng) Initial meeting (May 2021): Discuss role, purpose, and expectations of the tribal advisory group and compensation Establi sh membership and how to add members (LCWA expectatio n: start w ith 6 t ribes who consulted on the AB52 process, allow other tribes to ask to join) Agreement on topics of discussion Update status of LCWA's restoration planning Funding: Each Tri be will receive a stipend to compensate representativ es for meeti ng partici pation and docum ent rev iews . A Tribe may appo int multiple re pre se ntatives to th e proj ect, but t he stipen d amount will not increase with additiona l me m be rs . 242 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 223 Exhibit A Lakewood Los Alamitos SOURCE: ESRI Huntington Beach D Program Boundary Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Plan Program EIR Regional Location 243 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 224 SOURCE: Mapbox, LC'NA Los Cerritos Wetla nds Restoration Plan Prog ram El R Figure 2-4 South Area 244 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 225 APPENDIX J. JULY 23, 2021 SITE VISIT SIGN IN SHEET 245 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 226 co~tone PALEONT DLOGV -ARCHAEOLOGY-HIST ORY Name Christina Conley Christine Pereira Dani Ziff Sandonne Goad Gabrielle Crowe Clark Stevens Amber Dobson Sam Dunlap Eric Zahn Joyce Perry Los Cerritos Wetlands Tribal Site Visit 7/23/2021 Phone Gabrielino Tongva 626-407-8761 Indians of California C oastal Commission 714-610-1864 Coastal Commission 310-991-5042 Gabrielino-Tongva 951-807-0479 Nation Gabrielino-Shoshone 909-615-9837 Tribe New West Land Co. 310-614-6636 Coastal Commission 562-590-5071 Gabrielino Tongva Tribe 909-262-9351 Tidal Influence 858-353-6 113 Juanefio Band of Mission 949-293-8522 Indians Branch Offices Email Chri stina.rn arsden @alurnni . usc .edu Chri stine.pereira@coastal.ca .gov Dani.ziff@ coastal.ca. gov sgoad@g abri elino-tongya.com grochacpp@grnail.com Clark@newwestland.com Amber.dobson@co astal .ca.gov sarndunlap@earthlinknet eric@ tidalinfluen ce .com kaarnalarn@ grn ail.com 1518 West Taft Avenue Orange. CA 92865 Office [714[ 974-8300 San Diego -Riverside -Morro Bay-Sacramento -Arizona cogstone,com Toll free (888) 333-3212 Federal Certifications WO SB. EDWOSB , SOB State Ce rtificatio ns DBE, WBE, SBE. UOB E 246 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 227 APPENDIX K. INTERVIEW CONSENT FORM AND QUESTIONS 247 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 228 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -ARCHAEOLOGY-HISTORY CONSENT TO PARTIC IPATE IN RESEARCH Los Cerritos We tlands Landscape S tudy Cogston e w ill be cond uctin g a stu dy to identify past, p resent an d fu ture use o f th e Los Cerritos Wetl a nd s, le d by Desiree Martin ez, Cogstone Archaeo logist. Inte rviews w ill be used fo r th e landsca pe stu dy fo r the L os Cerritos Wetl an ds A u t hority. You were selected as a possible pa rti cipant in this study because of you r knowled ge and experti se. You r pa rti c ip ati on in this researc h stu dy is voluntary. LA RGER PROJECT BACKGROUND The Los Cerritos Wetlands A uth ority has received fundi ng to move fo rward on project level designs on 105 -acres of wetl ands in Seal Beach, n ear Heron Po int, call ed the South Los Cerri tos Wetl an ds R estorati on Proj ect (Sou th LCW Proj ect). As part of the Sou th LCW Project, the LCWA looks to accompli s h the fo llowing : • Cond uct foc used bi o logical, geotechni cal, and a rc heolo gical s urveys • Compl ete 65% restorati on designs and project level CEQA • Compl e te a Tra di tional C ultural Lan dscape Stu dy of th e Los Cerritos Wetland s Cogst one has been hi re d to cond uct the Traditio nal Cu ltu ral La ndscape Study, includi ng inte rviewin g Triba l m embe rs from the Ga bri e lin o Tongva and Acjacheme n Nati ons. WHAT SHOULD I K NOW ABOU T A RESEARCH S TUD Y? • W he th er or not you take part is up to y ou . • You can agree to ta ke pa rt and late r c han ge your min d . • Your decision wi ll not be he ld again st yo u. • You can ask a ll the questions you wan t before you decide. WHY I S THIS RESEAR CH BEIN G DOJ\TE ? Th is p roj ect is be ing done to bette r un derstand th e Tongva and Acj achemen re la tionship to the Los Cerritos Wetl ands, salt wate r marshes, an d the greater c ultu ral landscape , encompassi ng 3 miles aro un d th e Los Cerritos Wetl and s, in cluding the vill ages o f Pu vun gna and Motuu c heyn gn a. Th e p roject o utco mes-summ ar y within the c ul tu ra l landscape study to inform the restoration . 1518 West Taft Avenue Orange, CA 92865 Office [714) 974-8300 Branch Off ices San Diego -Riverside -Morro Bay -Sacramento -Arizona Federal Certifications WOSB, EDWOSB, SOB State Certifications DBE, WBE, SBE, UDBE cogstone.com Toll free {888) 333-3212 248 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 229 Los Cerritos Wetlands Landscape Study Interviews (Cogstone 5418) ARE THERE ANY RISKS IF I PARTICIPATE? • Although unlikely, there may be questions which bring up sensitive topics. You m ay choose to not answer anything. • You have the option of remaining anonymous within the report ARE THERE ANY BENEFITS IF I PARTICIPATE? You w ill be compensated $250 for your participation. Furthermore , it is our hope that your communities and all people of Los Ang eles w ill benefit from this research in the form of better- informed policy and clearer understandings of w hat it will t a k e for Los Angel es to bec ome water sustainable and r espe ct Indigenous sovereignty . WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF IT AKE PA RT IN THIS STUDY? If you volunte er to p articipate in this study, the r e searche r(s) w ill ask you to do the fo llowing: • Ans wer the question listed in the d ocume nt "LCW Tribal Interview Questions" • Inte rview er w ill write n otes during the interview • Consent to audio re cording of the intervie w • Consent to video re c ording of the inter view • Consent t o dig ita l photographs to be t ak en during the intervi ew You w ill b e given a cop ies of: • audio re cording of th e interview • v ideo re cording of the interview, if a ny • photos phot o graphs to be taken durin g t he interview • transc ript of a udio a nd/or video r ecording WILL INFORMATION ABOU T ME AN D MY PARTICIPATION B E KE PT CONFIDENTIAL? If you c ho ose to u se your re a l nam e or consent t o be ing r ecorded on a gro up v ideo, y our information w ill n ot b e kept confide ntial. If you re quest c onfid e nt iality , re s earch er s w ill d o their b est t o m a ke sure that your privat e information is k e pt confidential. Ev e n so, participating in r e sear ch m ay invo lve a lo ss of priv acy or a breach in confide ntia lity, e spe cia lly if you are participa ting in conver sation c ircles or event s w ith othe r p eople beyond the research team. Stud y dat a will b e phy s ically and electronically secure d, but w ith electronic dat a t her e is a lways a risk of breach of data security. Use of personal information that can identify you: cog sto ne .com 249 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 230 Los Cerritos Wetlands Landscape Study Interviews (Cogstone 5418 ) You will be identified as yourself unless otherwise reque sted. You may request t o use an a li as or to be kept out of a video. How information about you will be stored: Data produced by this proj ect will include video/audio recordings of interviews and transcripts of these recordings, as well as written notes. These materials will be kept on a pas sword protecte d server at Cogstone Resource Management. Participants w ill be provided copies of mat erials on a DVD o r flash drive. People and agencies that will have access to your information : Research t eam m embers will have access t o the r ecordings for the purposes of transcription and analysis. You can decide whether y ou want your name or an alias to be used in public ations. How long information from the study will be kept: Videos, audio, written researcher notes and transcripts will b e kept in p e rp etuity at Cogstone and m ay be donated to a re search facility for future research. WILL I BE PAID FOR MY PARTICIPA TION? Interviewees and conversation circle partic ipants will r eceive a $250 honorarium in gratitude for your participation. Ple ase fill out and return a W9 t o Des iree WHO CAN I CONT ACT IF I HA VE QUE STION S ABOUT THIS STUDY? The research team: If you h ave an y qu e stions, comments , or c oncerns about the researc h, you can talk to D esiree Martin ez dmartinez@cogstone.com (6 26) 722-1 938. WHAT ARE MY RIGHTS IF I TAKE PART I N THIS STUDY? • You can choose wh ether you w ant to be in this study, and you may withdraw your co ns ent and discontinue participation at any time. • You m ay refuse t o answer any questions t hat you do not want to answe r. cog stone .com 250 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 231 Los Cerritos Wetlands Landscap e Study Interviews (Cogstone 5418) Los Cerritos Wetlands Consent Form Name: T l'ib al Entity : Addl'ess: Phon e : I Ema il: I C heck all that apply : I A2I'ee To : Yes No ... participate in th is st udy □ □ ... have my name used within the Cultural □ □ Lan dscape study ... audio record ing during t he interview □ □ ... v ideo recordin g of the interview □ □ ... photographs to be taken during the interview □ □ S ign ature: Date: -------------- cog sto ne .com 251 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 232 cogstone PALEONTOLOGY -AR CHAE OLO GY-HISTORY Los Cerritos We tlands Ques t.ions l . How did y our tribal community use the Los Cerritos Wetlands in the past ? 2. How did your tribal community use s alt marsh es in th e past ? 3. Have yo u or yo ur family persona ll y u sed the Los Cerritos in the past? If yes please explain how. 4. Do you know of other fami li es that have used the Los Cerrit os Wetl and s? 5. Do you have any infonnation regarding the connection of t he Los Cerritos wetland an d th e villa ges of Pu vungna or M o tuuc h eyn g n a? 6. D o you know of oth er pl aces, v illages, water sources e tc . tha t have conn ecti on s to the Los Cerritos W e tlands? 7. What pl ants and animals w ithin salt m arshes, and Los Cerritos Wetl ands in partic ular, are important to your tribal community? 8 . What types o f acti v iti es would you like to be abl e to do within the Los Cerritos Wetlands in the future? 9 . What types of spaces woul d your tribal conmmnity like to ha ve in th e Los Cerritos Wetlands? 10. Anything to add? 11. Recommendati ons or other peo pl e to interview? 1518 West Taft Avenue Orange, CA 92865 Office (714) 97 4 -8300 Branch Offices San D iego -Riverside -Morro Bay -Sacramento -Arizona Federal Certifications WOSB, EDWOSB, SOB State Certifications DBE, WBE, SBE, UDBE cogstone.com Toll free (888) 333-3212 252 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 233 CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX L. SURVEY RESULTS AND EXTENDED PHASE I TESTING LOCATON MAPS 253 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 236 APPENDIX M. SOILS MAP 254 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 237 Figure M - 1. Soils map Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration City of Long Beach Los Angeles County, CA City of Seal Beach Orange County, CA II ii Project Area USDA NRCS Web Soil Survey 2021 -112 -Balcom clay loam -125 -Bolsa silty cla y lo am -17 3 -My ford sandy loam (2 -9 % slopes) -175 -Myford sandy loam (9 -15 % slopes) -IJ00LA-Urban la nd (dredged fill substratum) -1230LA -Bolsa, drained-Typic Xerothents, dredged s poil-Typic Fluv aquents co m plex 0 250 500 feet 11111111 N 0 50 I 00 Meters i 111111111 A 1 :6,500 1 in = 542 ft 255 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project Cogstone 238 CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX N. DPR SITE RECORDS 256 ENCLOSURE 2 257 All that glitters – Review of solar facility impacts on fauna P.A. Fleming Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Lake effect Microclimate Green energy Solar panel Glint Glare Bird Bat Fauna Wildlife Sustainable energy solutions Climate change SDG15: Life on Land SDG13: Climate Action SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure ABSTRACT Utility-scale solar facilities (‘solar farms’/‘solar parks’) represent vast altered landscapes – currently covering ~0.025 % of the earth’s land surface. The rapid transformation of landscapes necessitates urgent research into biodiversity impacts of solar facilities worldwide. Evidence for fauna impacts at both concentrating solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) solar facilities was analysed. Solar facilities impact fauna through habitat loss and fragmentation, altered microclimate, and creation of novel habitat. Evidence suggests increases in insect, bird and bat species richness and abundance around solar facilitates built over degraded landscapes, likely due to introduction of novel habitat and presence of generalist species, but a decrease when comparison is made with intact reference landscapes. CSP facilities attract large numbers of flying insects and therefore insectivorous birds, while both heliostats (CSP) and PV solar panels are attractive to waterbirds, with the timing and direction of bird movements indicating they are responding to linear polarised light reflections from panels. While generalist bat species make use of solar facilities, data to date indicates a decrease in bat species richness and activity around solar facilities. Extrapolating from USA studies, an estimated 17.3 million birds die at solar fa- cilities around the world every year. Direct impacts of solar facilities include injuries and deaths due to collisions and burns, while entrapment, starvation and increased predation risk are also recorded causes of mortalities. Solar facilities significantly impact local fauna, particularly attracting and affecting insectivores and waterbirds. Further research is needed to fully understand these effects and develop mitigation strategies for sustainable solar energy expansion. 1. Introduction Solar energy is a key component in the global shift towards tran- sitioning to a low carbon future and achieving the emissions targets established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [1]. However, as the total capacity of solar power facilities has increased, the impact on living organisms, particularly birds and bats, has also increased [2–4]. Many industries who are making the transition to green energy are required to consider whether utility-scale solar fa- cilities could have detrimental impact on migrating shorebirds (pro- tected under international legislation) or waterbirds and bats, and the balance of those risks with alternatives [4,5]. Such information is required to meet the demands of Environmental Impact Assessments, and warrants a critical review of available data. At the end of 2023, an estimated 37,886 km2 of the earth’s surface (0.025 % of the world’s land area, or about the area of Denmark) was covered by solar panels, with the area increasing dramatically year-by- year since [6,7]. The vast expanses of solar facilities (also known as ‘solar parks’ or ‘solar farms’) have unique impacts on fauna that we are only just beginning to identify. The reflective surfaces of solar panels can attract insects (e.g., [8,9]), providing new feeding opportunities for bird and bat species (e.g., [10–13]). However, the glare from solar farms can also create a visual disturbance (illusion of water surface) potentially changing animal behaviour and collision risk [3,14]. The physical presence of solar panels can therefore disrupt migratory flight routes as well as foraging and nesting sites [3,15,16]. There have been a great many reviews of the effects of solar energy generation on wildlife (e.g., [4,17]), including many that are specific to solar energy generation in California USA (e.g., [4,7,18,19]), or that have specifically addressed whether waterbirds are attracted to solar facilities (e.g., [14,20]). However, much of the work reviewed by these articles is unpublished reports [7], with notably fewer publications of raw data (reviewed by [21]) than reviews on the topic. A general consensus across all published reviews is a call for additional research on some of the potential impacts of solar facilities, and movement beyond hypotheses with little supporting evidence or those based on extrapo- lation from other human infrastructures [21]. The marked variation in solar radiation and technological advance- ment across the globe (Fig. 1) influences where solar facilities have been E-mail address: t.fleming@murdoch.edu.au. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews fkqnj]hfdkial]ca6fsss*ahoarean*_ki+hk_]pa+noan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115995 Received 1 April 2025; Received in revised form 13 June 2025; Accepted 22 June 2025 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 Available online 15 July 2025 1364-0321/© 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). 258 built, and therefore which biomes are affected [22]. However, there is also marked geographic bias in our understanding of the biodiversity impacts of solar energy, with the majority of studies of their biodiversity impacts coming from xeric environments in Europe or North America [20,21]. This geographic and climatic bias limits the generality of findings, providing insufficient insights into the potential impacts of solar infrastructure on diverse taxonomic groups across other ecological systems. This review sets out to synthesise the potential impacts of glint and glare from solar facilities on insects, birds and bats, addressing four main questions. 1. Do solar facilities alter wildlife community species richness and abundance? 2. Do solar facilities attract (or cause avoidance) in volant species? 3. What are the causes of mortality associated with solar facilities? 4. What are the biodiversity costs of solar facilities, and can we mitigate these costs? The conclusion briefly introduces some key remaining research gaps. 2. Methods This literature search used the Harzing’s Publish or Perish platform to search through the Google Scholar platform on February 6, 2025. The search terms were ‘solar panel’ AND ‘glint’ or ‘glare’ AND either ‘bird’, ‘bat’, fauna’ or ‘wildlife’ (separate searches). Google Scholar was chosen in preference to other databases, as it picks up grey literature, including unpublished reports, theses, and other documentation that proved informative. The literature search resulted in 954 articles, of which 207 articles were repetitions and 11 were unavailable (not English or publications not available through the Murdoch University library). The titles and abstracts of the remaining 736 articles were reviewed. The majority (651) were not deemed relevant to the topic. Many addressed glint and glare around airports and potential impact on humans (14), or envi- ronmental impact assessments (19). Others addressed topics such as glint and glare in terms of social acceptance and community preferences (7), but did not include fauna specifically. A total of 25 fauna-specific publications were revealed through this search. An additional 76 pub- lications were added to this search by reviewing the references of key papers. Solar power generation has two main types. �Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): These plants use reflective flat (‘heliostats’) or curved (parabolic trough CSP system) mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate thermal energy. The concentrated heat is directed to a central receiver to produce steam that drives turbines. This intense solar energy around concentrating towers can pose risks to flying animals, although trough facilities may reduce this risk. In a recent meta-analysis, Smallwood [7] reported 5.6 times more bird and 91.5 times more bat fatalities/MW/year at CSP pro- jects compared with PV panels (Table 1). CSP was the first large-scale solar technology – and therefore there is more data on the biodi- versity impacts of this form of solar energy (Box 1) – but CSP is now being rapidly surpassed by photovoltaic systems [25]. �Solar Photovoltaic (PV): PV systems use semiconductor cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity. Within the last decade, the price of PV systems has declined by 89 % [26] and utility-scale solar energy production is now rapidly increasing across the globe and is set to be the world’s largest renewable energy source by 2029 [27]. Because of the marked differences in the physical structure and mortality impacts of CSP and PV systems, their impacts are considered separately where data allows. List of abbreviations including units and nomenclature CSP Concentrated Solar Power PV Photovoltaic c-Si crystalline silicon Fig. 1.The marked variation in solar radiation (background raster colours) and technological advancement across the globe influences where solar facilities have been built (dots reflect installed solar facilities, with relative size of the dots reflecting solar generation capacity), and therefore which biomes are affected. Sources: Photovoltaic potential is derived from the Global Solar Atlas v2 [23], and represents the average daily totals. The data for operating solar facilities is sourced from Global Solar Power Tracker [24]. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 2 259 Box 1 Concentrating Solar Power plants As of 2020, the least expensive utility-scale concentrated solar power stations (CSP) in the United States and worldwide were still five times more expensive than utility- scale photovoltaic power (PV) stations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrate d_solar_power) but CSP is one of the few renewable electricity technologies that can generate fully dispatchable or even fully baseload power at very large scale [25]. Therefore, despite its costs, CSP may have an important role to play in the decarbonisation of power grids as a dispatchable electricity source to balance the intermittent renewables, such as wind power and PV. Southern California, USA, accounts for nearly 80 % of all utility scale solar facilities in California, and 50 % of all those developments across the USA [4]. Three large CSP systems located in the Mojave Desert of Southern California have been extensively studied for bird and bat mortalities (reviewed by [7]): a.Solar One. The world’s first CSP plant was the 10-MW Solar One (1982–1988), which used water/steam as the heat transfer fluid. This was upgraded to Solar Two (1996–1999, using molten salt to capture and store the sun’s heat). Solar One was the first large-scale test of its kind and was one of the first utility-scale solar projects. Until its construction, the environmental hazards of solar power plant operation were un- known [28]. The only wildlife fatality monitoring reported before 2012 was in 1982–1983 at Solar One, with reports of birds being singed by concentrated sunlight from the heliostat fields at this CSP plant [28]. b.Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (‘Ivanpah’) (Fig. 2a). The 377-MW Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (2014 – present) [29] includes 173,500 heliostats that follow the sun’s trajectory, solar-field-integration software, and solar-receiver steam generators. Avian mortality due to singeing in high-flux regions in the air space above the heliostat fields at Ivanpah have been documented [3,30]. In these instances, birds had been exposed to concentrated solar radiation exceeding safe limits – estimated to be 4–50 kW/m2 for birds [31]. Exceeding these limits can result in fatal burns, highlighting the need for careful management and mitigation strategies [31]. c.Genesis. The Genesis Solar Energy Project (2013 – present) is a 140 MW CSP using solar trough technology, with a system of solar collector arrays composed of parabolic mirrors. Substantial bat mortality has been reported at Genesis, where the most dangerous project feature to bats was the evaporation ponds, followed by power blocks, fences, and solar collector arrays [7]. d.Other CSP facilities. Leading countries in CSP installations are Spain (total capacity of 2.3 GW), the USA (1.5 GW), China (596 MW), Morocco (533 MW) (Fig. 2b), and South Africa (500 MW). As of 2024, the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Fig. 2c) facility has a total capacity of 950 MW, including a 100 MW CSP plant with the world’s tallest solar receiver tower (263 m), a 600 MW parabolic trough complex, and a 250 MW PV station. 3. Results and discussion Here, I first describe studies that have examined insect, bird and bat communities around solar facilities, as the initial step towards under- standing whether animals might be attracted to or avoid these sites. Second, I present evidence supporting five potential mechanisms for why animals may be attracted to solar facilities, the ecological costs and potential mitigation measures for these aspects. Third, potential causes of mortalities are then described, and extrapolation from mortality monitoring is presented. Finally, this paper concludes by raising unan- swered questions and identifying research needs to better understand the biodiversity impacts of solar facilities. 3.1. Do solar facilities alter wildlife community species richness and abundance? A number of studies demonstrate significant differences in fauna diversity and community composition around solar facilities (Table 2; Table 3). Most fauna studies have been carried out through comparison between paired solar facilities and adjacent ‘reference’ habitat (see summary of data in Table 2). In their meta-analysis, Blaydes et al. [32] analysed the weight of evidence to support 27 potential management interventions to improve and enhance biodiversity of insect pollinators, and report evidence for positive effects of presence of flowering plants, season-long access to resources, taller or structurally diverse vegetation, increasingly semi-natural or heterogeneous landscape, and proximity and connectivity to semi-natural habitat. By contrast, where the vegetation within solar facilities is heavily managed or removed (e.g. mown or heavily grazed), there is likely to be fewer insects. There are contrasting results for birds, which could reflect the choice of reference landscape for comparison (Table 3b). Lower bird diversity and/or density have been reported for some solar facilities compared with adjacent untransformed land as reference [16,33,34]. By contrast, many solar facilities have been located on relatively flat, homogeneous terrain at sites where there was already substantial anthropogenic disturbance. In some such cases, for example compared with reference farmland, the addition of artificial resources at PV facilities can result in increased diversity of insects and birds (especially insectivores) [8, 10–12,17,35]. While there is minimal data available for bat commu- nities, studies have shown reduced activity [8,13,36] and reduced feeding [37] for insectivorous bat species around PV facilities, but again highlight the importance of where the sampling is carried out (Table 3c). This form of experimental design (comparing solar facilities with reference sites) has come under criticism, with preference for a before- after control-impact (BACI) approach identified as ideal [38]. It also needs to be recognised that there are survey limitations in terms of visibility and access constraints around PV facilities that can influence survey results [38], with visibility or acoustic recording interference at solar facilities compared with reference sites. Alternative experimental methods include quantifying measures such as reproductive success (e. g., pre-post disturbance [39], or comparison between habitats [35]), while Environmental Impact Assessments have necessitated the appli- cation of animal community composition at proposed sites with that at established solar facilities (e.g., [40]). The importance of comparable reference sites in interpreting impact of solar facilities [35], as well as experimental design appropriate to address the treatment difference, are therefore important considerations in interpreting results of these fauna studies. 3.2. Do solar facilities attract (or cause avoidance) in volant species? Five broad mechanisms have been presented in the literature to explain attraction to or avoidance of solar facilities. These include (1) the creation of novel habitats and resources, (2) the provision of water through evaporation ponds, and (3) increased foraging opportunity. Furthermore, (4) the concentration of solar energy and (5) the reflection of light and sound from solar panels – representing large expanses of smooth flat surfaces – can create attraction or cause avoidance in ani- mals. These five mechanisms are discussed below. 3.2.1. Lost, altered, and novel habitat Utility-scale solar facilities have an enormous footprint, and conse- quent habitat loss is recognised as a key threat for fauna [19], with concerns raised for invertebrates, reptiles, bats, and birds (reviewed by [21]). About 2–6 ha of land are needed per megawatt (MW) of installed solar capacity [15]. The 10 largest solar facilities are in China, all measuring over 70 km2, with the largest – Talatan Solar Park in China – occupying ~420 km2 [43]. While the overall area required per MW for solar facilities is smaller than that required for wind farms (estimated 1–16 ha per MW to allow appropriate spacing to minimise interference between turbines), the degree of clearing for solar facilities is much greater than for wind energy (where only ~0.3 ha per MW clearing is required) [44]. As well as habitat loss and disturbance (e.g., [9,45]), solar facilities also contribute to habitat fragmentation, with large ex- panses of solar panels and other infrastructure (e.g., power lines and non-permeable fencing) creating barriers to species’ daily, seasonal, and migratory movements [3,15,16]. Solar facility installations have largely happened in deserts and across unused farmland or decommissioned industrial sites (e.g., [46, 47]). There, solar panels shade the ground and alter the microclimate underneath them [48], influencing the absorption and reflectance of heat and leading to both heating and cooling effects at different scales (e. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 3 260 g., [49–52]). Studies have identified effects on soil moisture (e.g., [51, 53]) and the soil microbiome [51], which in turn influence plant growth [9,51–56]. PV panels can also provide thermal refuges for fauna that would be otherwise limited in specific contexts (e.g., deserts), or can offer novel foraging, roosting, sheltering, and nesting habitats [21]. For example, Harvey and Associates [30] recorded Common ravens Corvus corax and six raptor species perching on facilities at the Ivanpah CSP facility. WEST [33] present comparative data for Ivanpah and adjacent desert, which demonstrate American kestrels Falco sparverius were seven times more commonly recorded at the solar facilities, where they were recorded frequently perched on structures (Fig. 3). At a PV facility in South Africa, Visser et al. [16] reported aerial hawkers using the panels as foraging perches, ground-dwelling francolins foraging in the shade under the panels, and five species nesting on the solar panel supports. Jeal et al. [34] recorded Western barn owl (Tyto alba) roosting in torque tubes (hollow, structural elements that connect rows of solar panels). Similarly, Golawski, Mitrus and Jankowiak [12] identified that PV fa- cilities in Poland provided safe breeding sites for birds, while fences around the facilities served as observation points, foraging sites, and singing perches. 3.2.1.1. Costs.The transformation of landscapes under solar facilities can lead to dramatic loss of habitat and population connectivity, but also represents novel habitat that can benefit generalist species [33], altering food webs. These changes contribute to a general finding of more open country/grassland, aerial, and generalist ground-foraging birds [11,16, 33] and generalist bat species [13] at solar facilities compared with reference sites. Furthermore, while animals may benefit from the use of solar facilities for nesting, reproductive success at such sites can be reduced by the presence of predators within the facility footprint. For example, mammal and bird scavengers (e.g., kit fox Vulpes macrotis, coyote Canis latrans, Common raven) may be attracted to solar energy facilities by availability of unmanaged refuse and carcasses of birds that succumbed to operation-related injuries (e.g., collision with infrastruc- ture) [3,18,33,57,58]. In addition to loss of habitat, fences create barriers to species’ movements, and can cause entrapment. For example, Visser et al. [16] noted that large-bodied birds become trapped between double fencing, lacking the manoeuvrability to take off. Similarly, water-obligate Fig. 2.Examples of concentrating solar power (CSP) facilities. (a) The eastern tower of the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, showing concentrated solar flux either side of the tower. (b) the Ouarzazate Solar Power Station in Morocco is the world’s largest CSP plant at 510 MW. Note the evaporation ponds to the southern boundary of the image (immediately above the scale bar) (c) The Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, United Arab Emirates, including parabolic trough CSP and PV facilities, is one of the world’s largest renewable projects, which will reach 5 GW by 2030. Sources: (a) Craig Dietrich - Flickr: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, (b) and (c) Google Earth. Table 1 Average [95 % confidence interval] reported bird and bat fatalities/MW/year for three Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and 10 photovoltaic (PV) facilities in California, USA [7]. Average [95 % CI] fatalities/MW/year Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) facilities Solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities Birds 64.61 [41.74–149.95]11.61 [8.37–17.56] Bats 5.49 [0.25–11.65]0.06 [0.01–0.10] P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 4 261 species that require water to take off are likely to be trapped by solar facility fencing [59], and Greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus – which prefer to run rather than fly – are disproportionately represented in mortalities at Ivanpah (Fig. 4; [33]). 3.2.1.2. Can we mitigate some of these costs?.Fencing solar facilities is vital for human safety and security of structures, but fencing design could be modified to reduce the chances of creating barriers and causing animal entrapment. To mitigate barriers to species’ movements [3,15, 16], it may be possible to create permeable fencing that selectively al- lows animal passage. For example, a photovoltaic solar facility con- structed in Pahrump, Nevada, USA (Valley Electric Association), left the majority of native plants and washes in place when installing the solar panels, and kept 30 openings in the fences (25 cm wide by 18 cm tall) for desert fauna to freely pass [48] (Fig. 5). Wildlife movements for this pilot ‘wildlife friendly’ solar facility are being monitored, with tortoises, rattlesnakes, black-tailed jackrabbits, and kit foxes reported using the fence openings to date [60]. 3.2.2. Evaporation ponds Another reason birds and bats could be attracted to solar facilities is the presence of standing water in evaporation ponds associated with the facilities (e.g. Fig. 2b). Environmental dust on the panel surface prevents sunlight from penetrating the solar cells, reducing energy conversion efficiency [61]; washing panels and dust suppression management is therefore common practice in many facilities [19]. First generation monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels contain hazardous chemicals such as lead, ethylene vinyl acetate, chlorofluo- rocarbons, and poly/brominated flame retardants, while second-generation photovoltaic panels include cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and other heavy metal-containing materials [20]. Up to 18 metals can be released from solar panels, including aluminium from supporting structures, while substantial amounts of lead, cadmium and antimony leach from c-Si panels, and chromium, selenium, cadmium and lead leach from thin-film panels [62]. Acid rain can increase leaching, especially from broken or damaged PV panels [20]. Water is also used at solar facilities for turbine cooling, where it is often treated with chemicals (e.g. sele- nium) to prevent fouling and to control the pH [19]. The wastewater from these activities is then held in evaporation ponds to concentrate for disposal. 3.2.2.1. Costs.Evaporation ponds can act as a lure for fauna, but can also increase various risks for these animals. Pollution caused by leaching of chemical substances into evaporation ponds can increase exposure to toxic chemicals [63,64], and could be lethal to birds and other animals attracted to these ponds [19,20,65]. For example, sele- nium toxicity has been linked to high egg mortality and birth defects in birds using evaporation ponds [65]. Animals can also become trapped at the ponds. For example, Jeal et al. [34] reported 37 carcasses of 15 species (seven bird, seven mammal and one reptile species) around evaporation ponds at a PV facility in South Africa, compared with only 8 carcasses in the solar field. The authors attributed deaths of half of the animals to drowning (the ponds had a slippery plastic lining, inhibiting escape), and noted entrapment and aggression could contribute to mortalities of young birds. 3.2.2.2. Can we mitigate some of these costs?.Few studies have included evaporation ponds in mortality assessments for solar facilities [3,16,34] although – as the deaths of birds and mammals at these ponds verify – they are important to consider for future management improvements [15]. Fencing and bird-exclusion netting are important for restricting fauna access to evaporation ponds [34], but birds can become entrapped in the nets, creating an even greater impact; mesh size, thickness and maintenance are therefore important considerations [66]. For open waterbodies, providing ‘ladders’, reducing the slope of the pond mar- gins, and non-slip pond lining are all good management options [34]. 3.2.3. Increased foraging opportunities Physical structures associated with solar facilities can provide novel niches and microhabitats that attract insects (see Section 3.1). For example, Diehl et al. [67] proposed that insects may be attracted to the prominence of solar towers at the Ivanpah CSP facility, as these tall features stood out in the desert landscape marked by low profile vege- tation. Diurnal aquatic insects – including Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Heteroptera and Coleoptera species – are also attracted to polarised light reflected by solar panels [68,69], with many aquatic species seeing the panels as potential breeding sites (see Section 3.2.5). Changes in vegetation associated with management of the fa- cilities can also attract insects. Unmanaged vegetation under solar panels may provide suitable habitat for insects [32] and therefore in- sectivores (e.g., [8,17]). Table 2 Examples of differences in fauna species diversity, species richness, or activity/abundance between solar facilities and adjacent reference habitat. Metric:Less at solar facilities No difference More at solar facilities Species diversity �Arthropods [8,41] �Birds [17] Species richness �Birds [34], [35]B �Bats [8] �Arthropods [41]B �Birds [8,33] �Bats [36] �Arthropods [9,42], [41]B �Birds [11,17], [35]B Activity or abundance (e.g., counts) �Birds [16]A, [34], [35]B �Bats [8,13,36,37] �Arthropods [41,42]�Arthropods [9] �Birds [8,10–12,17], [35]B A p =0.06; B results depended on which reference habitat was compared. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 5 262 Table 3 Examples of studies comparing solar facilities and reference sites for (a) invertebrates, (b) birds and (c) bats. Study Solar facility Reference sites Conclusion (solar facilities compared with reference) a. Invertebrates Montag, Parker and Clarkson [8], southern UK 11 PV solar facilities Nearby arable land (same farm)�Greater numbers of butterfly species (p =0.008) �Nearly twice the numbers of bumblebees (p =0.06) Graham et al. [9], Oregon, USA 1 single-axis tracking PV panel facilitya full shade Full-sun reference plots outside the solar facility �Lower pollinating insect density �Reduced species richness �Reduced species diversity partial shade Full-sun reference plots outside the solar facility �Greater species richness in summer �Greater species diversity in summer �Greater abundance in summer. b. Birds WEST [33], California, USA 40 plots within the 377-MW Ivanpah CSP facility 40 offsite plots (1–3 km from the heliostat arrays; ‘desert’) �Similar species richness �Fewer birds (0.24-fold) �Different bird species communities (one-way PERMANOVA calculated from data presented in their Table 2a; pseudo-F =11.89, p =0.028). Generalist species more common, e.g., black-throated sparrow Amphispiza bilineata, house finch Haemorhous mexicanus, and horned lark Eremophila alpestris Visser et al. [16], Northern Cape, South Africa 5 transects within 96-MW 180 ha PV facility (grass and low ground cover between the solar arrays promoted after construction) 5 transects within adjacent untransformed landscape �Marginally fewer birds (0.70 times; P =0.06). �Similar numbers of species �Different bird species communities - shrub/woodland species largely absent, while open country/grassland, aerial, and generalist species more common Jeal et al. [34], Northern Cape, South Africa 8 ‘sub fields’ sampled within 50-MW CSP parabolic trough facility 44 transects adjacent rangelands �Lower abundance (0.007 times; p <0.001) �Lower species richness (p <0.001) Kitazawa et al. [35], Hokkaido, Japan 3 PV solar facilities Wetlands (5 plots) or abandoned farmland (5 plots) �Lower bird species richness �Reduced abundance Pastures (6 plots) or cropland (6 plots)�Comparable bird species richness and abundance DeVault et al. [10], Arizona, Colorado, and Ohio, USA 5 PV arraysb 5 nearby airport grasslandsb (typically mowed at least once per year during the growing season) �About twice the bird activity (mean across locations = 3.468 birds per ha) than in airfields (1.598), �Estimated ‘bird hazard index’ (combined bird mass [kg]/ ha/month/location) not significantly different (p =0.808). Montag, Parker and Clarkson [8], southern UK 11 PV solar facilities Nearby arable land (same farm)�Greater abundance of insectivorous birds (authors attributed to greater floral diversity). Jarˇcuˇska et al. [17], Slovakia 32 PV solar facilities 32 adjacent grassland plots �Greater total bird species richness (especially insectivores) (p =0.030) �Greater diversity (p =0.004) �No difference in overall abundance (p =0.903) Copping et al. [11], Fens, UK. 6 solar facilities – plots on ‘mixed habitat’ c Adjacent arable farmland �Greater (2.6 times) bird abundance �Greater (2.45 times) species richness Same 6 solar facilities – plots with ‘simple habitat’d Adjacent arable farmland �Greater (1.4 times) bird abundance �Comparable (0.96 times) species richness Golawski, Mitrus and Jankowiak [12], Poland 43 PV facilities constructed over farmland (sampled on boundaries of facilities) 43 reference sites ~500m away �Greater bird diversity (p =0.008) �Different bird community composition c. Bats Montag, Parker and Clarkson [8], southern UK 8 PV solar facilities Paired plots on arable land (same farm)�Comparable bat species richness (p =0.55) �Comparable bat activity (p =0.09) Szabadi et al. [13], Hungary 15 PV solar facilities (each with a mosaic of landuses) Adjacent other human-altered habitats (e.g., arable land, grassland and green areas within settlements) �Bat species that commonly adapt to anthropogenic habitat were commonly recorded at the solar facilities �Detection of feeding buzzes at solar farms proved that bats not only commuted over this habitat but also foraged there. Adjacent semi-natural habitats (forests)�Species of conservation concern – those that were more commonly associated with forest habitat – were less common; 4 taxa: p <0.01 Adjacent semi-natural habitats (watersides) �Reduced overall bat activity (all species grouped) (P < 0.001) Tinsley et al. [36], UK 19 PV facilities on either grazed or mowed grassland, or on cut arable crops Middle of solar facility and open reference field sites �Reduced activity (overall 0.33 fold difference); activity of 4 (of 8) species significantly reduced (p <0.05) �No effect on species richness (p =0.282). Boundaries of solar facility and reference field sites (i.e., hedgerows, tree lines, woodland or vegetated ditches) �Reduced activity (overall 0.54 fold difference); activity of 4 (of 8) species significantly reduced (p <0.05) �No effect on species richness (p =0.942). Barr´e et al. [37], Rhˆone Valley, France. 9 PV facilities built on reclaimed industrial sites and agricultural land paired reference sites (100–500 m away)�Bats flew faster (+10 to +44 %) and straighter (+33 %) (changes in flight features that are explicit indicators of a decrease in bat feeding behaviour) with lower probability of prey capture attempts (18 to 39 %). a Panel movements allowing varying shade treatments. b Both airfield and PV arrays likely to be affected by active bird control at one site (i.e., harassment and lethal removal). c ‘mixed habitat’: infrequent cutting or grazing of the grass around the solar panels, which allowed greater sward height and the presence of wildflowers). d ‘simple habitat’: vegetation intensively managed through cutting or grazing. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 6 263 3.2.3.1. Costs.Insects attracted to solar facilities in turn attract foraging insectivorous birds and bats [3,68], which can increase their risk of collision and burn injuries [21]. For example, 41 of 47 recorded bird mortalities due to solar flux at Ivanpah were primarily insectivores, indicating they had been foraging around the CSP collection towers (by contrast, waterbirds and other birds that feed on vegetation were not reported to have the same burn injuries) [3]. 3.2.3.2. Can we mitigate some of these costs?.It may be possible to reduce attractiveness of solar facilities for fauna. For example, it has been noted that there are fewer insects within PV solar facilities where the vegetation is heavily managed or removed (e.g. mown or heavily grazed) [32], which in turn could reflect reduced bird and bat [37] activity. Clearing vegetation around CSP solar towers has also been implemented to make the area less attractive to birds at CSP facilities [70]. Curtailment options for CSP facilities – suspending operations at key migration times – has also been recommended to avoid migration pe- riods when numbers of aerial foraging birds are likely to be greatest [70]. Preventing birds and bats from roosting and perching on panels may also reduce the likelihood of them foraging around the facility. For example, a range of potential deterrents have been trialled at Ivanpah, including LED lighting, perching-deterrent spikes, ‘BirdBuffer’ chemo- sensory deterrent, ‘BirdGuard’ sonic deterrent to deter avian species from entering this area associated with elevated flux mortality, and an Acoustic Technology Ultrasonic Bat Deterrence system to interfere with echolocation capabilities of bats [33]. 3.2.4. Concentrated solar energy Concentrated solar flux associated with CSP facilities can attract insects that would normally seek out solar radiation [21]. For example, the bright light and heat around CSP collection towers (e.g., Fig. 2a) attracts diurnal insects. Although absolute numbers were not quantified, Kagan et al. [3] reported many hundreds of killed butterflies, dragonflies and other insects at Ivanpah. Diehl et al. [67] assessed different survey methods to detect and observe animals flying near the Ivanpah towers. A modified x-band radar recorded 708,872 biological tracks in May (approximately equal numbers of insects and vertebrates) when insect activity peaked around mid-day and diurnal bird activity peaked late afternoon, and 428,207 tracks in September (about three quarters of traces identified as insects) when activity of both insects and vertebrates (bats and nocturnal birds not distinguished) peaked in early evening to midnight. By contrast, video imagery recorded an undisclosed number of instances of insects incinerated in the solar flux, but only detected a total of 37 birds or suspected birds near the towers. A total of 1922 ar- thropods were recorded in Malaise traps deployed on the ground around the facility, although these mostly represented terrestrial species, and did not reflect the species composition of burned insects accumulated on the ground. The insect activity associated with the CSP towers in turn attracts aerial insectivores including birds and bats [3]. 3.2.4.1. Costs.Burn-related mortalities are a significant risk for CSP solar facilities. Birds can be burned or incinerated when they fly through concentrated beams of solar flux, where air temperatures may reach more than 800 �C (temperatures greater than 160 �C result in compro- mised keratin molecular structure and permanently weaken bird feathers, [71]). Because of these extreme temperatures, deaths of small animals flying around the CSP towers may be difficult to detect or identify [67]. Experimental work has shown that temperatures greater than 160 �C result in compromised keratin molecular structure and permanently weaken bird feathers [71]. Burn deaths at CSP facilities are specifically relevant to aerial in- sectivores (e.g., swallows, swifts and martins), which spend most of their time in flight and are therefore likely to increase the chances of encountering space where there is high solar flux [3,28]. Depending on the severity and length of exposure, exposure to the concentrated solar flux results either in immediate death (catastrophic loss of flying ability) or delayed mortality because of flight impairment [3]. Therefore, in addition to direct immediate mortalities, aerial foraging birds that are singed and injured would be unable to feed, and injured birds would be more vulnerable to predators [2,3]. The unique circumstances of CSP facilities was shown by Kagan et al. [3], who compared bird mortalities for three solar plants that had different technology: Desert Sunlight (PV), Genesis (CSP with trough) and Ivanpah (CSP with concentrating tower). Burn injuries were sub- stantially higher for Ivanpah, where burning (‘solar flux injury’) (47 of 141 carcasses) was as common as collision trauma (43 of 141 carcasses) as a cause of death. Remaining samples (46 of 141 carcasses) were in too poor condition to determine cause of death (46 of 141). The bright lights around CSP facilities could also increase collision risk due to glint and glare blinding. While Kagan et al. [3] noted that there was no evidence found for significant tissue burns or eye damage caused by exposure to solar flux around the Ivapah CSP towers, it is likely that visible tissue damage is not prerequisite for blinding impacts to nevertheless happen. For example, the issue of glare from large ex- panses of solar panels has been recognised as a significant health and safety issue in civil aviation, raising concern either from pilots or air-traffic controllers (e.g., [31,72,73]), and for drivers where solar panels line roads (e.g., [74]). Although glint and glare hazards are recognised for humans, the question of ocular blinding has rarely been addressed in the wildlife literature. Jeal et al. [34] recorded that when flushed during the day, Western barn owls – normally only active at night – would swipe or collide with mirrors, suggesting temporary blindness due to the panels. Collision due to acute blinding could also be exacerbated from high-speed predator-prey encounters in which either the prey or pursuer may collide with panels [7]. Smooth surfaces such as mirrors and smooth glass (on PV units) produce more specular reflections with greater intensity and tighter beams (and therefore greater risk for ocular hazards) compared with CSP trough solar receivers (which produce more diffuse reflections with lower solar intensities) [31]. 3.2.4.2. Can we mitigate some of these costs?.McCrary et al. [28] re- ported 13 of 70 recorded bird fatalities (19 %; 7 species) at Solar One CSP were likely due to burning, as evidenced by heavily singed flight and contour feathers. The authors concluded that the primary hazard was from heliostats in standby mode – when the heliostats focussed on four small areas (~5m in diameter) of sky around the tower at a height of 80 m (rather than on the receiver) [28]. By contrast with the high-temperature receiver itself, which emits a considerable amount of thermal radiation, it was recognised that the irradiance in the air around the receiver during standby was optically transparent, and it was un- likely that the birds were able to detect heat at high-flux regions around the receiver [31]. Using this information, computer programming has been developed to control heliostat angles during standby, thereby ensuring that air temperatures remain below 160 �C, reducing the incidence of ‘hot spots’ [31,71]. 3.2.5. Solar panels represent large expanses of smooth, flat surfaces Many animals, including insects and birds, have well-tuned polar- isation vision (reviewed by [75]) and use the information from polarised light for navigation and to locate resources (reviewed by [68]). There- fore, polarised light pollution – “light that has undergone linear polar- isation by reflecting off smooth, dark buildings, or other human-made objects” – can represent an ecological trap for these species [68]. For example, orientation towards horizontally polarised light sources is the primary guidance mechanism used by at least 300 diurnal aquatic insect species (e.g., dragonflies, mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies, diving beetles, water bugs) in their search for suitable water bodies to act as feeding or P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 7 264 breeding habitat, and oviposition sites [68]. Because of their strong horizontal polarisation signature, artificial polarising surfaces (e.g., asphalt, gravestones, cars, plastic sheeting, pools of oil, glass windows, and solar panels) are commonly mistaken for bodies of water by ‘polartactic’ species [68,69,76]. Smooth darker surfaces (such as solar panels) are more effective at producing polarised light than are brighter surfaces [68]. At the Brewster angle, solar panels polarise reflected light almost completely (degree of polarisation d �100 %, substantially exceeding typical polarisation values for water d �30–70 %). Diehl, Robertson and Kosciuch [14] demonstrated that both thin-film and c-Si solar panels are capable of polarising sunlight to a high-degree (visible maximum: 83 %; ultraviolet maximum 84 %), with at least 35 % polarised light over a narrower range of vertical angles, such as a bird would be exposed to Fig. 3.Raptor behaviour around Ivanpah and adjacent desert sites, showing flight height and perching. Drawn from raw data presented by [33 Table 6]. There were significantly more observations of American kestrels at the Ivanpah solar facilities than for the desert sites (Chi-test χ21 =304.2, p <0.001); none of the other raptor species were significantly more or less common (p >0.05). Fig. 4.Comparison between ’avian use’ surveys (WEST, 2016 Table 2a; x-axis) and mortality monitoring (WEST, 2016 Table 7; y-axis) at Ivanpah. Species towards the top left of the graph show mortalities that are disproportionate to other species in respect to their relative activity around the heliostats. The ’bird use’ data presented by WEST (2016, Table 2a) show significant differences in bird species communities recorded between the solar facility and adacent desert (one-way PERMANOVA calculated from their data: pseudo-F =11.89, p =0.028), with species more commonly recorded using the heliostats including generalist species (in descending order of percentage contribution to the difference between solar facility and adacent desert by SIMPER analysis: Yellow-rumped warbler Setophaga coronata, Horned lark Eremophila alpestris, House finch Haemorhous mexicanus, Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta, Common raven Corvus corax, Rock pigeon Columba livia, American pipit Anthus rubescens, and Brewer’s blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus). P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 8 265 when they are flying over a solar facility. Solar panels can therefore be mistaken for waterbodies by water- breeding insects (e.g., mayflies, dolichopodid dipterans, and tabanid flies exhibit oviposition behaviour above solar panels), and may even be more attractive than waterbodies [69]. Similarly, it has been argued that birds mistake reflection from a solar facility for a water body and hone in on it, with the risk that solar panels can therefore represent ‘mega-traps’ [3,14]. This ‘Lake Effect’ Hypothesis [77] implies that (1) birds in flight perceive large solar PV facilities as water bodies, (2) reorient and descend toward those facilities, and (3) in some cases either collide with the panels or are unable to take off from the ground [14]. Evidence for these three steps is described below. First, there is experimental evidence that birds can detect linear polarisation of light (reviewed by [78]). Certain waterbirds have been shown to be directly attracted to the bright reflection of light from pools of oil (in which they drown) presumably as they were searching for water [79]. Experimentally testing this concept, Bern´ath et al. [79] laid out shiny white and dark plastic sheets and recorded bird behaviour around the material. They recorded a range of species approaching and attempting to drink or forage. For example, White storks (Ciconia cico- nia) and Great white egrets (Egretta alba) attempted to probe the surface, while Barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), House martins (Delichon urbia), and Sand martins (Riparia riparia) attempted to drink from and forage above the sheets. This field study suggests that the birds mistook optical cues of the sheets as the surfaces as small waterbodies. Diehl, Robertson and Kosciuch [14] reported three experiments that similarly showed that birds could see terrestrial sources of polarised light, and use those cues to locate waterbodies. The authors showed the feeders with high polarised light properties were more conspicuous to wild birds and guided their feeding behaviour. Next, they simulated the polarised light visual properties of natural water bodies and tested bird responses to surfaces over 4 days. Finally, they compared ground-based water sources of different polarisation properties and showed that birds preferentially visited the treatment (black) with the highest degree of polarised light in both the visible and ultraviolet ranges for bathing and drinking. Their results confirm that many different bird species can Fig. 5.A ‘wildlife friendly’ photovoltaic solar facility constructed in Pahrump, Nevada, USA (Valley Electric Association), (a) left large open areas of native vegetation between banks of PV panels. (b) The ground was not bladed or graded at construction, and this resulted in an uneven/wavy placement of the panels, which would break up light reflection from the panels. (c) Mojave desert tortoises Gopherus agassizii were removed from the area during construction, kept in a holding pen, and then released back into the facility after construction was done. (d) Thirty openings at the bottom of the fences (25 cm wide by 18 cm tall) allowed tortoises and other wildlife to move in and out of the facility. Photos by Dr Jennifer Wilkening, Research Ecologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 9 266 detect horizontally polarised light and that they can use that information to help locate waterbodies, as evidenced by feeding and bathing behaviour. Second, there is evidence that birds will reorient towards solar fa- cilities. Millions of migratory songbirds initiate migration around twi- light, when the sun is near the horizon and the maximum degree of polarisation is present (typically 70–80 % in clear, blue sky) (reviewed by [78,80]). There is substantial experimental support from behavioural experiments that many migratory songbirds rely on this celestial infor- mation for compass orientation, responding strongly to manipulations in direction of light polarisation [78]. Conflicting results for experiments with different bird species suggest species-specific differences in the use of polarised light versus magnetic information for orientation, or dif- ferences in the ecological situations under which birds use both types of information [78,80]. Given the influence of polarised light in navigation and orientation towards waterbodies, it raises the question of whether animals are diverted from their migratory paths due to polarised light pollution from solar facilities. Diehl, Robertson and Kosciuch [14] used portable X-band radar to track bird movements at two PV facilities to see if birds changed their flight paths (directions or altitudes) toward PV facilities. Evidence for change in direction was inconclusive, which the authors attributed to relief in terrain overwhelming the potential influence of the presence of PV panels on direction of travel. However, south-bound birds (possibly migrating) were more commonly recorded descending, especially near midday, suggesting they were seeking water or refuge in the extremely arid landscape [14]. Tak´acs et al. [81] used a drone-mounted polar- isation camera to capture reflected light from fixed-orientation solar panels, showing the largest panel areas with exactly or nearly horizontal polarisation at sunrise and at sunset when in parallel with the panels, and around noon when the drone flew perpendicular to the solar panel rows. The degree of polarised light pollution from solar facilities therefore varies depending on the angle of approach, as well as time of day, and these time of day differences need to be accounted for when interpreting the birds’ behaviour. Third, there is evidence that birds will collide with solar panels or become trapped on the ground. WEST [33] recorded four water-associated species associated with the heliostats at Ivanpah (one record each of: American avocet Recurvirostra americana, Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca, Killdeer Charadrius vociferus, and Least sandpiper Calidris minutilla). Kosciuch et al. [82] synthesised results from fatality monitoring studies at 10 PV facilities across 13 site-years in California and Nevada, reporting 86 species amongst 669 avian de- tections. Waterbirds were recorded at all of the facilities in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts Bird Conservation Region. Notably, 54 % of all carcasses were just ‘feather-spot’ remains, and of the intact carcasses, cause of mortality could also not be determined for approximately 61 % (86 % of ducks and geese, 93 % of grebes, and 100 % of loons), signif- icantly limiting power of the study to make conclusions about cause of death in waterbirds at solar facilities [82]. Extending this work to live bird counts, Kosciuch et al. [59] recorded presence of aquatic birds at PV facilities. Together, these records provide compelling evidence that waterbirds have been attracted to solar facilities, suggesting they perceived the presence of water at the sites [59]. As well as birds, it is possible that solar facilities can interfere with bat movement patterns. The large expanses of flat solar panel surfaces reflect sound waves and can therefore interfere with navigation by microbats, causing echoes and reflections of echolocation calls. Bats perceive horizontal, smooth surfaces (‘acoustic mirrors’) as water due to their similar echo-acoustic properties, and may attempt to drink from these regardless of the material they are made of, as demonstrated in both laboratory settings [83] and in nature [84]. Echolocation was the main way these bats recognised water surfaces, taking dominance over conflicting sensory information provided by e.g., vision, olfaction, touch and taste. Solar panels would also reflect moonlight, and reflected polarised light from panels could be perceived as waterbodies by bats [85]. 3.2.5.1. Costs.Collision risk is a major cause of death at both PV and CSP facilities, with flying wildlife (bats, birds, and aquatic insects) potentially colliding with reflective surfaces of PV panels or CSP helio- stats, or associated infrastructure (i.e., power lines and perimetral fen- ces). Direct mortality through collision is one of the most addressed impacts of PV energy [21], although most information comes from un- published reports that employ non-standardised methodologies [7]. In the first study to report mortalities at solar facilities, McCrary et al. [28] reported 70 bird fatalities (representing 26 species) at Solar One (CSP with concentrating tower), with the most frequent cause of mor- tality identified as collision (evidenced as the presence of broken bones, usually mandibles or wings) accounting for 81 % of recorded bird deaths (20 species). Most (>75 %) collisions were associated with the mirrored heliostats. Similarly, Kagan et al. [3] reported that trauma – including impact, predation and undetermined trauma – was a significant cause of mortality for three different technology solar plants, representing 56 % of 61 mortalities at Desert Sunlight Solar Farm (PV), 30 % of 141 mor- talities at Ivanpah (CSP), and 26 % of 31 mortalities at Genesis (CSP). The linear polarised light pollution from solar facilities can cause diversion from flight paths for waterbirds. Kagan et al. [3] reported a greater proportion of waterbird mortalities at Desert Sunlight (PV) (coots, grebes and cormorants making up 48 % of all bird mortalities at this facility) compared with the two CSP facilities where aerial and terrestrial foragers represented most mortalities (Genesis 80 % and Ivanpah 89 %) (Chi-test assuming an equal proportion of air, terrestrial and water foraging guilds between the three facilities: χ24 =17.35, p = 0.002; analysis carried out by myself based on data presented in their report). The difference was attributed to size and continuity of reflection from hard surfaces differing between facilities where the long banks of adjacent panels provided a continuous sky/water appearance at Desert Sunlight (compared with parabolic shape at Genesis and dark appear- ance from above at Ivanpah) [3]. By the time a bird may realise the panels are not water, it may be too late for the bird to stop its dive from the sky and fly away [86]. Birds that collide with the panels are also likely to be disoriented or injured and more vulnerable to predation [3]. As well as increasing the direct risk of collision and injuries, diversion off flight paths will increase depletion of energy reserves, potentially stranding animals and leading to mortality from starvation. Obstruction from panels and fencing can also hinder birds from taking-off [3]. For example, water-obligate birds that require water for take-off (sensu [82]) – including loons (Gaviiformes), grebes (Podici- pediformes), cormorants (Suliformes), coots (Gruiformes) and some ducks (Anseriformes; e.g., Ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis) – and those that use water for some aspect of their life history (e.g., family Chara- driidae) are amongst the mortalities at solar facilities. Stranding of these birds would contribute to the disproportionate number of waterbirds represented amongst the cases where starvation has been identified as cause of death [3]. Solar panels can also elicit aggressive behavioural interactions due to the novel reflective surfaces. Smallwood [7] argued that reflected self-images on CSP heliostats or PV panels might elicit aggressive re- sponses of birds motivated to defend territory, as has been shown for collision with windows, where males and young birds can both be significantly overrepresented relative to their abundance in habitat surrounding the building [87,88]. Substantiating this prediction re- quires behavioural observation of how birds interact with the solar panels. Finally, clutter due to physical structures causes echolocation chal- lenges and confusion for microbats [37], and PV solar farms can act as sensory traps for bats, challenging their ability to navigate [36]. Furthermore, bats mistake smooth, vertical surfaces as clear flight paths, repeatedly colliding with them [89]. For example, Ingeme et al. [90] showed that many Critically Endangered Southern bent-wing bats P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 10 267 (Miniopterus orianae bassanii) collided with a smooth metal fence placed at 45�outside a maternity roost, and 1.03 % of juveniles consequently suffered critical injuries that warranted their euthanasia. More data on cause of death is required for bat mortalities to understand why they die at solar facilities. 3.2.5.2. Can we mitigate some of these costs?.Approximately one-third of the incident light received by a solar cell is reflected [61]. Glare from solar panels around airports has been mitigated by considered lo- cations, or blocking light reflection in particular directions by adding a tree screen around the facility (e.g., [91]). Alternatively, application of antireflective coatings and/or texturing to the panels (‘nanocoatings’) could be used to reduce associated glare and glint [92]. Nanocoatings redirect incident light to trap it – improving light absorption [61] and can substantially improve system performance [91,92], increasing panel energy efficiency by up to ~50 % [93,94]. Because they also reduce the degree to which solar panels polarise light, nanocoatings also have value in reducing biodiversity impacts of solar facilities. For example, Horv´ath [95] reported that microtextured surfaces on solar panels greatly reduced polarised light pollution and reduced attractiveness to polar- tactic insects. Larger scale modifications have also proven effective in reducing fauna impacts. For example, white outlines and/or white grid lines on solar panels – which result in a loss of less than 1.8 % in energy- producing surface area – reduce horizontally polarising light and are 10- to 26-fold less attractive to aquatic egg-laying insects than the same panels without white partitions [69,96]. Mechanical surface modifica- tion can also reduce the likelihood of bat collisions due to mistaking the surface for water. For example, Abdul Rahman et al. [97] placed string of different diameters across flat smooth plates, and showed that bats significantly decreased the frequency of drinking attempts with increasing diameter of the strings. It does not appear that similar detailed studies have been caried out with birds. Diehl, Robertson and Kosciuch [14] note that it is still not known how much polarisation is required to attract birds; such data is required to identify the required changes to PV facilities to reduce the effects of polarised light pollution for bird species. 3.3. Studies that have quantified mortalities of volant species Monitoring mortalities is an important tool for understanding the reasons for fatalities. Variation in where, when and how mortality monitoring has been carried out are informative about the causes of death. 3.3.1. Differences between sites – it matters where you monitor First, mortality monitoring results can be strongly influenced by where the surveys are carried out. A comprehensive Bird and Bat Management Plan developed for the Ivanpah CSP (initially written in 2013, latest version: [98]) was developed to document mortalities, use that information to develop and implement adaptive management re- sponses, and report the monitoring results. Over nine years of bird and bat mortality monitoring using sniffer dogs and on-foot surveys (Table 4 and references therein), an average of 616 �360 (SD) birds per annum were recovered injured or dead around the facility. The timing of mor- talities indicates strong seasonal patterns, peaking in spring and autumn, with migratory warblers and swallows making up 46–59 % of the identified cases. A subset of the banks of heliostats were monitored over the first four years, but this monitoring was not continued. This change in where monitoring has been carried out has confounded interpretation of which species are impacted by the facility. The highest density of mortalities has been around the concentrating towers, which account for 30.6–98.5 % of reported mortalities. Waterbird mortalities were more likely to be recorded when more of the heliostat area was surveyed (Fig. 6). When only the towers were surveyed for mortalities, small insectivores (war- blers and aerial foraging birds) represented the dominant records for mortalities. Finally, some mortalities (e.g., Greater roadrunner) have been specifically associated with the fencelines around the facility, and it is not clear whether the fences were systematically searched each year. The change in where monitoring was carried out has also confounded interpretation of cause of death data. Mortalities at Ivanpah have included burn injuries (evident from singed feathers), collision (evident from broken bones), and other causes (e.g. entrapment or occurrence in the air-cooled condenser buildings, electrocution, vehicle strike, and predation), with a shift towards burn injuries as the surveys have altered their focus to only recording mortalities at the towers (mortalities from other parts of the facility were only recorded as inci- dental records) (Fig. 7). In the most recent reports, close to three quarters of the bird mortalities showed evidence of feather singeing (Table 4). In a meta-analysis across different solar facilities [7], where mor- talities were standardised on an energy-generation basis, the gen-tie has been identified as the most dangerous project feature to birds at some projects (i.e., risk of electrocution), whereas the solar collectors — PV panels or mirrors (i.e., risk of collision) — were the most dangerous at others [7]. On a project-wide basis, however, more birds died by colli- sion with solar collectors [7]. Comparison between avian use surveys and mortalities can serve to identify which species are most at risk from solar facilities. For example, analysis of data presented by WEST [33] (their Table 2a and Table 7) indicated disproportionate mortalities for the Greater roadrunner, Mourning dove Zenaida macroura, and some of the sparrows and warbler species in the year of survey (Fig. 4). There were also marked differences between some of the bird guilds, with waterbirds representing only 0.9 % of avian use counts, but 3.8 % the fatalities. Similarly, aerial foragers (use: 2.1 %, mortalities 8.4 %) and raptors (use: 1.0 %, mortalities: 4.4 %) were disproportionately represented in the mortality counts. 3.3.2. It matters when you monitor Mortality monitoring results can also be strongly influenced by when surveys are carried out. For example, mortality monitoring results can be biased low by insufficient monitoring duration [7]. Daily mortality monitoring at Ivanpah was compared with the timing of biologically relevant seasons, using the timing of migration determined through sightings reported via eBird website (www.ebird.org) and radar data from over 140 weather stations (synthesised on the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s BirdCast website; www.birdcast.info) [33]. The compar- ison was used to confirm that the entire spring and fall migration periods – when the majority of bird passages through the solar facilities were expected and also the majority of mortalities were recorded – had been included in their monitoring period. This study is an excellent example of ensuring an adequate monitoring period is addressed. 3.3.3. It matters how you monitor The method of survey can also influence results for mortality moni- toring. For example, Smallwood [7] reported bird fatality rates averaged 3 times higher at PV projects searched by foot rather than car. There is also significant bias in species’ deaths reported. Many mortalities are assessed from feather-spots only, which significantly compromises identification of both species and cause of death. It is estimated that an average of 22 % of fatalities at solar facilities are unable to be identified to species using morphological methods [7]. The application of eDNA methods to identify bird species mortalities has recently been trialled, showing 84.1 % alignment with carcasses iden- tified via traditional morphological methods [106]. eDNA methods may therefore help to reduce the proportion of unidentifiable mortalities for future monitoring. Finally, mortality estimates require appropriate adjustment for scavenging, searcher efficiency, and the effect of body size on carcass detectability (many carcass removal trials have used larger birds than P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 11 268 the species that they are adjusting these values to) [7]. In a review of mortality reporting across 14 facilities in California USA [reports per- formed between 1982 and 2018 and obtained under California Public Records Act (PRA) and federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) re- quests], Smallwood [7] reported an annual statewide fatality estimate of 37,546 birds and 207 bats projected to California’s 2020 installed ca- pacity of 1948.8 MW of CSP and 12,220 MW of PV systems (14,168.8 MW total). However, these estimates were biased toward identification of large bird and bat species. ‘Bridging’ these data to the species composition of adjacent habitat, Smallwood [7] estimated fatalities of 267,732 birds and 11,418 bats (Table 1). Extrapolating from these values to the total installed solar energy capacity globally [6,7], and assuming that only 1 % of this is represented by CSP solar [107] (but see [25]), mortalities at solar facilities around the globe are estimated to total 17.3 million birds per annum. Geographic bias in the mortality figures means that these data could be vastly different for mesic habitats. 4. Unanswered questions and research needs Lovich and Ennen [19] recognised many areas where there was missing data around the wildlife impacts of utility scale solar facilities. Despite a decade of science since their publication, there are still many knowledge gaps, especially in regard to the specific landscapes in which solar facilities are being developed. For example: �There has been insufficient empirical data collected on the biodi- versity impacts of solar facilities. Most of the knowledge on PV im- pacts comes from North American contexts (48 % of studies reviewed) for desert biomes [21], limiting generalisation of these findings to other environments like farmland, where most of the PV capacity is sited. We need further before-and-after studies collecting data for birds and bats across a range of habitats. �Mapping and quantifying ecological and polarised light pollution impacts for solar facilities in different locations and with respect to migratory pathways for birds and bats will inform potential risks. A large proportion of migratory bird species (80 %) migrate under the cover of darkness [108], when light polarisation is minimal, raising questions about their navigation cues. In addition to celestial and magnetic sources of information, there is evidence that animals can use polarisation of moonlight to navigate [109]. Diehl, Robertson and Kosciuch [14] note that bird fatalities at solar facilities could not be attributed to a particular time of day, but Kosciuch et al. [82] noted the absence of large-scale mortality events of nocturnal mi- grants at PV facilities. Presumably all bat mortality events are taking place at night. Table 4 Summaries of Annual Reports for Ivanpah bird mortality monitoring. Year % heliostat area surveyed Mortalities recorded (% at towersb) Causes of mortalitiesb Small unident. birds Warblers & swallows / swiftse Waterbirds Ref. Singed feathers Collision Other Unident. 2013–2014 24.1 % a 703 (30.6 %)47.4 %51.9 %0.7 %c 57.4 %8 %29 %4.1 %[30] 2014–2015 24.1 %1070 (60.3 %)41.3 %10.3 %1.3 %d 47.9 %6 %26 %2.1 %[33] 2015–2016 8 %706 (88.5 %)64.4 %5.1 %1.1 %c 29.3 %10 %43 %4.4 %[99] 2016–2017 (~4 %)499 (96.2 %)69.7 %4.4 %1.4 %c 24.4 %7 %43 %3.2 %[100] 2017–2018 0 %531 (97.7 %)76.9 %0.8 %1.7 %c 20.6 %8 %53 %1.1 %[101] 2018–2019 0 %358 (97.2 %)65.2 %2.3 %1.4 %c 31.0 %14 %45 %2.8 %[102] 2019–2020 0 %737 (98.5 %)61.3 %1.9 %2.3 %c 34.6 %6 %48 %2.4 %[103] 2020–2021 0 %296 (98.3 %)72.5 %1.4 %2.7 %c 23.4 %8 %59 %0.3 %[104] 2021–2022 0 %265 (97.7 %)71.8 %0 %1.9 %c 26.3 %7 %46 %0.8 %[105] a Plus fenceline surveyed.b Heliostat area surveyed varied between annual surveys; only incidental mortalities were recorded after spring 2016. The proportion of mortalities at the tower are therefore not directly comparable with subsequent years. From 2017 to 2018 onwards, only percentages as a proportion of the tower mortalities are reported. c Entrapment. d Including electrocuted, struck by vehicle and predated.e Calculated from raw data presented as a percentage of identified mortalities. This represents a minimum for these insectivores, as the large percentage of small unidentified birds could also be within this category. Fig. 6.Differences in waterbird and small insectivore mortality records according to distribution of monitoring surveys. Over the last 9 years, there has been a shift towards recording less of the heliostat area for bird mortalities. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 12 269 �The scale of land surface under solar panels is increasing rapidly. This raises a question about the cumulative landscape impacts of solar facilities [110], and whether large numbers of dispersed, or smaller numbers of concentrated, facilities are likely to have the greatest impact? Understanding animal movements is required to address this question and maximise solar energy generation benefits while minimising negative effects on wildlife [19]. �Other indirect effects of solar facilities also need consideration. For example, water consumption as part of operations is an important consideration, especially for solar facilities sited in arid landscapes [19]. Additionally, any system that produces electricity and heat increases risk of wildfire [111]. �Finally, the decommissioning and recycling of solar panels at their end of life also needs to be accounted for in consideration of total environmental impact [112]. Solar panels have an average lifespan of 20–30 years [20]. They contain potential contaminants (e.g., for example lead, aluminium, arsenic, cadmium and copper, depending on the type of panel) that need appropriate disposal or recycling [62]. 5. Conclusions In this study, we describe five key mechanisms to explain attraction to or avoidance of solar facilities by insects, birds and bats (Table 5). Habitat loss, fragmentation, and the disruption of animal movement is inevitably detrimental for fauna. However, other aspects of solar facil- ities can be attractive to some animals. For example, solar facilities may offer additional foraging and scavenging opportunities, while the pres- ence of water (evaporation ponds) or the appearance of water (the ‘Lake Effect’) can mislead and lure animals to entrapment. While some of these opportunities are likely to be benign, other aspects have poten- tially lethal consequences for birds and bats, increasing risk of collision or burn injuries, as well as exposure to toxic chemicals. For such species, Fig. 7.Causes of mortality identified at Ivanpah CSP over 9 years of monitoring. Over time, there has been a move away from monitoring the heliostats (percentages under x-axis). Table 5 Summary of the five broad mechanisms to explain attraction or avoidance of solar facilities by insects, birds and bats, and the potential ecological costs associated with each of these mechanisms. Example references supporting these points are indicated. Potential mechanisms:Costs: 1. Lost, altered, and novel habitat �Loss and fragmentation of habitat [9,15,19,45] �Barrier effect of solar panels and fencing [3,15,16] �Microhabitat changes [48] �Altered temperature (‘Heat Island Effect, or ‘Cool Island Effect’) and soil moisture [49–52] �Modified soil microbiome [51,53] and plant growth [9,51–56] �Creation of novel habitats alter behaviour e.g., perching and nesting sites, reflective surfaces [12,16,34] �Loss of habitat and population connectivity �Increased risk of collision and injuries [3,28] �Increased risk of entrapment [3] 2. Evaporation ponds �Attracts waterbirds [19,20,65]�Entrapment and drowning [3,16,34] �Exposure to toxic chemicals [63–65] 3. Increased foraging opportunities �Plant growth, flowering, and seed set can increase insect activity [8,9, 32] �Insect presence attracts insectivores [3,68] �Carcasses can attract scavengers [3,18,33,57,58] �Altered food webs and altered species communities [11,13,16,33] �Increased risk of collision and injuries [3,28] �Increased predation risk [3,33] 4. Concentrated solar energy �Attracts insects [3,67] and insectivores feeding on these insects [3,68]�Burn risk for animals flying through the solar flux [3,28] �Glint and glare blinding [7,34] �Increased risk of collision and injuries [3,28] 5. Solar panels represent large expanses of smooth, flat surfaces �Solar panels polarise light [14] and mimic water surfaces ‘Lake Effect’ [3,14] �Attract diurnal aquatic insects [68,69,76] �Waterbirds alter flight paths [14] �Bats may attempt to drink [85] �Reflective surfaces can elicit aggressive behavioural responses [7] �Clutter confuses echolocating bats [36,37] �Increased risk of collision and injuries [14,86] �Stranding [3,59,82] �Diversion from flight paths [14] �Wasted reproductive effort [68,69,76] P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 13 270 solar facilities can therefore act as environmental traps. While mortality rates of birds at solar power plants have been sub- stantial, this needs to be considered in context of other threats. Climate change is taking a significant toll on long-term survival of wildlife – e.g. through megafires and hurricanes; harmful algal outbreaks; habitat loss; and the spread of disease, pests, and invasive species [5] – and as such, there are dire costs to wildlife of not making the transition to sustainable energy sources. Deaths recorded at solar facilities have also been re- ported to be significantly lower compared to other anthropogenic landscapes and objects such as highways, buildings, or traditional en- ergy sources [4,31,82]. For example, Walston Jr et al. [4] compared published mortality data for three solar facilities against other anthro- pogenic causes of avian mortality, and concluded that estimated annual avian mortality at solar facilities was far less than predicted from wind energy, fossil fuel power plants, communication towers, roadway vehi- cles, or bird strike at buildings and windows. Even the loss of habitat due to solar facilities has been identified as secondary to other anthropo- genic changes, such as urbanisation [113], and the biodiversity costs of solar facilities need to be balanced out with the benefits of switching from fossil fuel to solar power generation. However, despite these comparisons, it is still important to be cog- nisant that not all species are affected by solar facilities in the same way, and we need to monitor impacts appropriately to determine such effects. Smallwood [7] makes a strong case for the need to account for bias in mortality estimates (e.g., carcass disappearance due to decomposition or removal by scavengers), and here I present data showing that the methods and location of monitoring also influences the interpretation of potential impacts (see Section 3.3, Fig. 7). We also need to understand the ecological and conservation significance of mortality impacts, which depends on quantifying implications of mortality on populations (i.e., size and trends) and life-history traits (e.g., pace of life and reproductive strategy) for threatened species [21]. For example, a recent study found that of 23 priority species colliding at wind and solar facilities, 11 (48 %) were vulnerable to population-level effects [114], especially non-local, nocturnal migrant species. There is an urgent need to understand how ground-mounted solar farms affect biodiversity, as the exponential growth of this renewable energy source is resulting in large-scale land-use conversion throughout the world. At the end of 2023, an estimated 37,900 km2 of the earth’s surface was covered by solar facilities, which are likely to be killing an estimated total 17.3 million birds per annum. The vast expanses of solar panels as part of utility-scale solar facilities are a new type of anthro- pogenically transformed landscape. Understanding the potential risks to wildlife will help planning to ensure that we do not mitigate greenhouse gas at an avoidable cost to biodiversity conservation. Credit author statement Conceptualisation PAF; Data curation PAF; Investigation PAF; Roles/ Writing PAF. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal re- lationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Patricia A. Fleming reports financial support and article publishing charges were provided by Murdoch University. Patricia A. Fleming re- ports a relationship with Fortescue Ltd that includes: consulting or advisory and funding grants. Acknowledgements Murdoch University for salary and meeting publishing charges. Damien Cancilla, Lazaro Roque-albelo and Todd Edwards (Fortescue Ltd.) for comments and financial support. 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Fire hazard associated with different types of photovoltaic power plants: effect of vegetation management. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2022;162: 112491.[112]Toussaint DC. Chiropteran specialist report for phase 3 of the proposed soventix- solar Africa solar PV facility. Hanover, Northern Cape. 2022.[113]McCoshum SM, Geber MA. Land conversion for solar facilities and urban sprawl in southwest deserts causes different amounts of habitat loss for Ashmeadiella bees. J Kans Entomol Soc 2020;92:468–78.[114]Conkling TJ, Vander Zanden HB, Allison TD, Diffendorfer JE, Dietsch TV, Duerr AE, et al. Vulnerability of avian populations to renewable energy production. R Soc Open Sci 2022;9:211558. P.A. Fleming Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 224 (2025) 115995 16 273 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:T Hazel <cheapcruiser2003@yahoo.com> Sent:Thursday, February 5, 2026 10:56 AM To:Patty Senecal Cc:Shaun Temple; Lisa Landau; Ben Wong; Nathan Steele; Joe Kalmick Subject:Hellman solar project The California State Coastal Conservancy awarded the Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority over $31 million to restore wetlands adjacent to the proposed Hellman solar development. The California Ocean Protection Council, the Rivers and Mountains Conservancy and and private and environmental nonprofits provided additional funding. Please don't jeopardize this substantial investment by allowing the Hellman solar project to proceed without a full environmental impact report. From the map, the proposed development appears very close (maybe 10 feet) to the restoration project or private property. There could be impacts on hydrology, threatened and endangered species, glint and glare and views from both private homes and public trails and vista points in the restored wetlands. We know indigenous people have used this area for millennia and without an EIR we won't know the impact their presence will have on the solar development. Please follow the law, protect the public's restoration investment and avoid future legal expenses for the city and developers that may result from premature approval of this project. Require and EIR! Thank you. Tom Hazelleaf 4656 Fir Avenue Seal Beach, CA 90740 February 6th, 2026 RE: Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project To Whom it May Concern, I am writing this letter to express my concern over the proposed Solar Panel Construction Project at Hellman Ranch. The proposed construction site is adjacent to a large swath of extremely sensitive wetland habitat. This habitat is vital to endangered bird and plant species and is also the site of a successful restoration process. According to the guidelines expressed in CEQA, this project should absolutely be subject to an Environmental Impact Report before approval by the City Council. The sensitive nature of the adjacent coastal wetland habitat, and the project sites proximity to multiple state and county water resources both contribute to the potential for long-term impacts on the site’s environment. Coastal wetland habitat provides vital ecosystem services and within densely populated areas like Orange County these resources are seriously limited. Any construction or modification of infrastructure that is near these essential habitats needs to be very carefully considered and only approved if necessary. The Hellman Ranch Solar panel project does not fall within this category. The potential for major disruptions to the coastal wetland ecosystem within the adjacent property is moderate to high with any construction project and especially one of this scale. Beyond the potential for pollution and environmental degradation during the construction of these proposed solar panels, there is ample evidence that shows that the presence of solar panels can have a significant change on a localized ecosystem and its inhabitants. Studies have shown that ground mounted photovoltaic solar panels had a negative effect on six local species of bat surveyed within the United Kingdom, including the Common Pipistrelle a native species to the proposed site location. 1 There is also a growing consensus within the ecological community that solar energy facilities and their infrastructure cause more direct harm to a variety of avian species than previously thought. The indiscriminate nature of solar flux injuries causes fatality in many avian taxa including federally endangered subspecies like the Ridgeways Rail. Waterbirds are particularly at risk near infrastructure that include photovoltaic cells which reflect polarized light, as are insectivorous species that are attracted to the increase in insect activity near the PV cell infrastructure. 2 The coastal wetland habitat that is adjacent to the Hellman Ranch Property supports federally protected endangered species including Belding ’s Savannah Sparrow, California Least Tern, and Ridgway’s Rail. There have been significant efforts across federal, state, and local nonprofit organizations to restore and protect the habitat for these species. For the years of conservation work that has taken place to be mitigated and potentially reversed by a construction project that supports the expansion of the oil and gas industry is truly sad for Orange and Los Angeles County residents. I hope that you and the other city council members seriously consider the effects and implications of this decision on the residents of your community and stop this project from moving forward. This coastal wetland habitat is loved and cherished by the local citizens and threatening the sanctity of this natural resource seems entirely unnecessary and feels like a step in the wrong direction. Sincerely, Eryn Oelstrom 1 https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.14474 2 https://academic.oup.com/condor/article/118/2/411/5153228 Main Office Phone: 310 - 798-2400 Direct Dial: 310-798-2412 Carstens, Black & Minteer LLP 700 North Pacific Coast Highway, Suite 200 Redondo Beach, CA 90277 www.cbcearthlaw.com Michelle N. Black Email Address: mnb@cbcearthlaw.com February 6, 2026 Via Email stemple@sealbeachca.gov Mr. Shaun Temple Planning Manager City of Seal Beach Community Development Department 211 Eighth Street Seal Beach, CA 90740 City Council of City of Seal Beach 211 Eighth Street Seal Beach, CA 90740 Re: Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Agenda Item H, City Council Agenda of February 9, 2026 Supplement to Comments of September 14, 2025 Dear Mr. Temple and Honorable Members of the City Council, The Los Cerritos Wetlands Land Trust (LCWLT) has advocated for the protection and restoration of Los Cerritos Wetlands for over twenty years. LCWLT continues this advocacy by renewing its concerns with the Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project (Project), last discussed by the Council in December 2025. In short, although LCWLT appreciates that the City may consider reducing the size of the Project, these potential changes will not eliminate or fully mitigate the Project’s potential environmental impacts raised in our comments of September 19, 2025. We hereby incorporate these comments by reference. They are attached as Exhibit 1. Even if reduced, the Project will adversely impact biological resources, especially birds that mistake reflecting solar panels for water, subject recreational users of the area to glint/glare, and affect a known tribal cultural landscape. LCWLT supports the use of renewable solar energy where it is appropriate and environmentally friendly. A project sited within the wetland complex and within a tribal cultural landscape does not meet these criteria. Accordingly, LCWLT respectfully requests that the Council reject this City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 2 Project, and any reduced-size alternative, unless harm to the wetlands and its sensitive inhabitants can be eliminated. LCWLT has attempted to review the new Project information posted by the City on February 4 and to respond by the City’s deadline of 5 p.m. on February 6. However, given the sheer volume of pages posted, the short timeline, and the fact that the City’s website was inaccessible on February 6, LCWLT reserves the right to supplement its comments prior to the conclusion of the Project’s public hearing scheduled for February 9, as permitted by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Given this, the City Council should also provide additional time for the public to comment and withhold its decision on the mitigated negative declaration (MND) and Project for at least one week. The proposed reduction to the Project would eliminate one array, reducing the number of solar panels from 3,100 to 2,028. However, the system would still require concrete foundations and hundreds of 18-inch-diameter piers to be drilled 6 feet into the ground. A transformer pad will be required, as will the excavation of hundreds of feet of underground trenches. Construction would require “removal of the vegetative cover” and all organic matter “from the limits of the construction area.” (MND p. 12.) Even if reduced, Project construction will require significant disruption of a sensitive location. Moreover, the purpose of the solar installation is not to provide green power for offsite use, but to “reduce the overall operating cost” of the oil facilities. (Staff Report, p. 2.) The California Legislature enacted CEQA to ensure environmental protection through governmental transparency. (Citizens of Goleta Valley v. Bd. of Supervisors (1990) 52 Cal. 3d 553, 564.) CEQA requires full disclosure of a project’s significant environmental effects so that decision-makers and the public are informed of these consequences before the project is approved, to ensure that government officials are held accountable for these consequences. (Laurel Heights Improvement Ass’n of San Francisco v. Regents of the University of California (1988) 47 Cal.3d 376, 392.) When substantial evidence supports a fair argument that a project may have a significant impact on the environment, an environmental impact report is required. (No Oil, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (1974) 13 Cal.3d 68, 75.) Under the CEQA Guidelines, “‘Substantial evidence’ means enough relevant information and reasonable inferences from this information that a fair argument can be made to support a conclusion, even though other conclusions might also be reached.” (Guidelines § 15384(a), emphasis added; League for Protection of Oakland's etc. Historic Resources v. City of Oakland (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 896, 905.) LCWLT continues to believe the Project crosses this threshold. The fair argument standard is a “low threshold” test for requiring the preparation of an EIR. (No Oil, supra, 13 Cal.3d 68, 84.) Review is de novo, with a “preference for City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 3 resolving doubts in favor of environmental review.” (Architectural Heritage Assn. v. County of Monterey (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1110; Quail Botanical Gardens Foundation, Inc. v. City of Encinitas (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1597, 1602-1603.) The MND continues to inadequately disclose and analyze the Project’s potential environmental effects. As there is substantial evidence of a fair argument the Project may have significant impacts on biological resources, glint and glare, and tribal cultural resources, an EIR is required. I. The Project, Even if Reduced, May Have Significant Impacts on Biological Resources. The Project site consists of 4.66 acres in the existing Hellman Ranch Oil and Gas Production Facility, east of the San Gabriel River and north of Pacific Coast Highway. The Project site is within and surrounded by Los Cerritos Wetlands. The solar facility would be constructed immediately north of 100 acres owned by the Los Cerritos Wetlands Authority, east of an additional 71 acres of wetlands owned by the Authority, south of 43 acres zoned open space-natural that serve as a County of Orange retention basin, and west of the Hellman Ranch Trail. (MND p. 2.) Both the Project site and surrounding lands contain sensitive habitats hosting special-status species. These species include, but are not limited to, southern tarplant, Least Bell’s Vireo, Belding’s Savannah Sparrow, and the Western Burrowing Owl. As solar panels often resemble water bodies from the air, and as the Project will require clearing the site of vegetation, the Project’s potential impacts on these birds and on rare plant species must be thoroughly evaluated and carefully mitigated. A. The MND’s Biological Resources Surveys are Outdated. The Response to our September 2025 letter asserts that the wetland delineation relied upon by the MND is not outdated because such delineations are valid for five years, “provided the site conditions haven’t changed. There have been no significant changes to the site area since the delineation.” (Response p. 1.) While less than five years has elapsed, site conditions have not remained the same since August 2022 and March 2023. As described in our previous letter, aerial imagery from 2024 indicated substantial ponding and flooding. The Response further claims that botanical and Least Bell’s Vireo surveys did not need to be current because the Project includes mitigation for impacts to Southern Tarplant, Coulter ’s goldfield, and the Least Bell’s Vireo. (Response p. 1.) However, mitigation is different from avoidance. The Project should be designed to avoid City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 4 populations of rare plants altogether. Outdated surveys prevent this from occurring. Mitigation through replanting or transplantation is far less effective, often results in extirpation of rare species from a site, and is disfavored by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife when avoidance is possible. The Response fails to explain how reliance on outdated surveys for the Least Bell’s Vireo permits informed decision-making about the Project’s impacts on a listed endangered species. Least Bell’s Vireo populations and nesting locations fluctuate annually. It does not. An EIR should be prepared that includes missing 2025 breeding season surveys. B. The Project Site Contains Wetlands Not Disclosed in the MND. During the record rainy seasons of the winters of 2022-23 and 2023-24, many depressional wetlands across Los Cerritos Wetlands held water for upwards of 6 months, allowing wetland indicators to present themselves. However, the MND’s jurisdictional wetlands assessment includes four photos taken in August 2022. The photos predate these record rains and do not accurately capture current site conditions. On the contrary, aerial imagery from February 2024 indicates substantial ponding and flooding of the Project area, which should be analyzed in the Technical Report and MND. Thus, substantial evidence demonstrates the area has recently been wetland, a fact not disclosed in the MND. Any wetlands designations or potential ramifications of the Project to wetlands or wetland-dependent species must be disclosed, analyzed, and mitigated in an EIR. City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 5 Figure 1. Aerial imagery from February 2024 with areas of flooded outlined in red. The Response claims that the plant community onsite does not indicate wetlands, but these statements appear to be based on the 2022 assessment of the site. (Response p. 1.) The Response later claims that the ponding mentioned in our September comments was addressed in the Wetland Delineation Report, but our comments included the above 2024 photo. The Response never claims to have assessed the plant communities present after the 2023-2024 rainy season. Southern California’s wetlands are notoriously ephemeral. The environmental review cannot ignore that the site’s hydrological fluctuations. C. Least Bell’s Vireo Both Forage and Nest Near the Project Site. LCWLT has performed surveys of the Least Bell’s Vireo population in the Heron Pointe Bioswale, nearly adjacent to the Project site, for the last 5 breeding seasons. Individuals of this endangered species have been observed nesting, each year, within 100 feet of the project boundary and have also been observed foraging within the area the MND discloses would be subject to permanent Project impact. The MND acknowledges that 96-decibel noise is expected at the Heron Pointe Bioswale. Foraging habitat for Least Bell’s Vireo is protected by state and federal law. Impacts to this species could be considered a “take,” and warrant a mandatory finding of significant impact under CEQA. City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 6 An EIR must be prepared to thoroughly disclose, analyze, and mitigate impacts to Least Bell’s Vireo. The Response asserts that the Project will not affect Least Bell’s Vireo nesting due to limits on construction during the nesting season. However, the Project’s construction may also affect Least Bell’s Vireo behaviors beyond nesting. Foraging habitat does exist on and near the Project site, and disturbance of Vireo foraging through either construction or operation of the Project remains “take” under the Acts. D. An EIR Must Evaluate Fuel Modification and Type Conversion Impacts. Without support, the Response asserts that the fuel modification zones discussed in the IS/MND are required by the Orange County Fire Authority and part of the baseline. However, even if true, the IS/MND does not address whether these fuel modification zones must be expanded if the Project is constructed. Any fuel modification zones overlapping with the locations of special status plant populations require a coastal development permit. In order to ensure fuel modification occurs within a comprehensive plan, and that all fuel modification impacts are considered cumulatively, we renew our request for the incorporation of a mitigation measure requiring preparation of a permitted plan that covers all fuel modification practices throughout the property. “Distichlis spicata – annual grasses” is a vegetation type that overlaps with fuel modification areas. Removal of this vegetation promotes invasion of annual grasses, causing “type conversion,” a significant impact on biological resources that is not disclosed, analyzed, or mitigated in the MND. City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 7 Figure 2. Aerial imagery from September 2025 indicating recent mowing of the Distichlis spicata - annual grasses herbaceous alliance. E. The Project’s Mitigation Measures Fail to Ensure Project Impacts Will Be Reduced Below Significance. LCWLT thanks the City for removing “To the extent feasible” from the language of BIO-2. (Response p. 3.) The Project should incorporate a mitigation measure requiring a pre-construction jurisdictional wetland assessment be performed during the wet season most proximal to future construction. The Project should also incorporate a mitigation measure requiring pre- construction surveys for Least Bell’s Vireo and consultations with both the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. While the Staff Report indicates this has occurred, we cannot independently confirm these conditions given the current technical difficulties with the City’s website. LCWLT continues to believe that Project mitigation fails to eliminate the potential for significant impacts to listed plant and wildlife species and that an EIR is required. II. The MND Fails to Disclose, Analyze, and Mitigate Glint and Glare Impacts. A. The Project, Even if Reduced, May Cause Glare to Recreational Trail Users and the Tribal Gathering Area. The LCWA-owned Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project is located immediately south of the Project site. The restoration project – scheduled to begin construction in October 2025 – will contain a 6-foot earthen perimeter berm on its northern boundary. This berm will separate the Hellman property from the LCWA parcel. As discussed above, the MND assumes implementation of that berm to justify its conclusion that flooding impacts from sea level rise will not occur. (MND p. 51.) Accordingly, implementation of said berm – and all its functions – should be incorporated throughout the analysis, including that of glare. We ap preciate that the City looked into glare in an attempt to respond to our comments. However, we disagree with the conclusion that 18 minutes of sunrise glare from April to August (Response p. 4) is necessarily insignificant. Recreational walkers, cyclists, and other users are especially active at sunrise between April and August when days are longer. The same goes for recreational birders. The Project’s likely significant glare impacts should be analyzed in an EIR. City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 8 As the perimeter berm/trail are irregularly shaped, and the selected observation points are located on portions of the future trail where the recreational user is walking east/west (parallel to the panels), we request an EIR with analysis of OP on the north- south portions of the trail where the user is looking directly at the panels along that trail stretch as they otherwise enjoy their walk of the restored wetlands. The Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project will include two public outlooks and one tribal gathering area on its southern boundary. It is unclear if the Response addresses these locations. An EIR glare analysis should analyze potential glare impacts to the public and to tribes who will use these outlooks and tribal gathering area. The Response also fails to clear up the confusion about MND Table 3-1, which identifies OP1-8 and OP26 as “no glare with existing vegetation screening” whereas the other OPs are described as “no glare with or without existing vegetation screening.” We request the revised analysis include a “without vegetation” scenario for OP1-8 and OP26. B. The MND Fails to Adequately Consider Glint and Glare Impacts on Birds, Which May Mistake the Panels for Water in Los Cerritos Wetlands. The Response to our September letter confirms LCWLT’s concern that birds may mistake solar panels as water, increasing the likelihood of injury and mortality. (Response pp. 5-6.) LCWLT previously noted that solar arrays reflect light that, at certain angles, makes the panels appear to birds as bodies of water. This “lake effect,” can injure or kill birds that try to land in these nonexistent bodies of water. If affected birds include listed species known to inhabit Los Cerritos Wetlands, including state and federally-listed birds, the Project may “take” birds under the Acts. (Attachment 2, pp. 9-10.) Solar facilities may also interfere with songbird migrations for species relying on polarized light for orientation. (Attachment 2, p. 10.) A review of studies of solar facilities reported: By the time a bird may realise the panels are not water, it may be too late for the bird to stop its dive from the sky and fly away. Birds that collide with the panels are also likely to be disoriented or injured and more vulnerable to predation. As well as increasing the direct risk of collision and injuries, diversion off flight paths will increase depletion of energy reserves, potentially stranding animals and leading to mortality from starvation. Obstruction from panels and fencing can also hinder birds from taking-off. For example, water-obligate birds that require water for take-off (ensu) – including loons (Gaviiformes), grebes (Podici-pediformes), cormorants (Suliformes), coots (Gruiformes) and some ducks (Anseriformes; e.g., Ruddy duck Oxyura City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 9 jamaicensis) – and those that use water for some aspect of their life history (e.g., family Chara- driidae) are amongst the mortalities at solar facilities. Stranding of these birds would contribute to the disproportionate number of waterbirds represented amongst the cases where starvation has been identified as cause of death. (September 19, 2025 letter, Attachment 2, p. 10.) Given the presence of a large wetland complex surrounding the Project, and the higher prevalence of birds in the area, the Project’s location near water may exacerbate the Project’s potential harm to avian species. The potential Project size reduction will not mitigate these impacts. In August, the City’s Environmental Quality Committee recommended that the Project be required to track, report, and mitigate adverse impacts to birds. It further recommended that the Project be required to terminate when oil operations end onsite. We renew the Committee’s reasonable requests here. The Staff Report indicates these conditions have been incorporated into the Project. LCWLT is unable to confirm this incorporation at this time and asserts that these conditions must be concrete and enforceable. We further request that the one-year term for bird monitoring be extended beyond one year. An EIR must be prepared to disclose, analyze, and fully mitigate these potentially significant undisclosed impacts on biological resources. Any mitigation must include conditions requiring the tracking and reporting of harm to birds at the Project. III. The MND Fails to Adequately Disclose, Analyze, and Mitigate the Project’s Potentially Significant Impacts on Tribal Cultural Landscapes. The Project’s Cultural Resources assessment fails to recognize the Traditional Cultural Landscape that has been identified for this area in previously-approved environmental documents. The Los Cerritos Wetland Authority’s 2021 Program EIR and the 2024 Mitigated Negative Declaration for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project both indicate that consultations with local tribal groups identified a Traditional Cultural Landscape throughout the current extent of the Los Cerritos Wetlands complex. The potential for this Traditional Cultural Landscape was first described by consultations performed by Coastal Commission staff regarding the Los Cerritos Wetlands Oil Consolidation and Restoration Project. The LCWA’s 2023 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project (Cogstone, 2023) includes an evaluation of what is called the Puvungna Traditional Cultural Landscape (PTCL). This evaluation determined that “The PTCL meets the criteria of eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and has City of Seal Beach Hellman Solar PV Electrical System Project Supplemental Comments February 6, 2026 Page 10 sufficient integrity to justify being regarded as eligible for the Register. The area is recommended eligible for the National Register as a Traditional Cultural Property. Since it is recommended for the National Register, it is automatically recommended as eligible for the CRHR.” (Attachment 2.) The proposed project’s assessment of Tribal Cultural Resources makes no mention of the PTCL and therefore does not consider potential impacts or offer mitigation measures to avoid or minimize any such impacts. Impacts generated by the proposed Project to this Traditional Cultural Landscape would be considered significant and unavoidable based on the LCWA’s previous CEQA determinations in the area. We n ote that the Response states the Project completed AB 52 consultation and proposed a modification to the Project to satisfy tribal representatives. (Response p. 7.) Given that tribal representatives objected to the Project in December 2025, we await confirmation that affected tribal interests are satisfied with the potentially-reduced Project. Conclusion LCWLT again thanks the City for its consideration this solar project, sited within the Los Cerritos Wetlands complex in an area inhabited by endangered species. If action must be taken on February 9, we urge you to please reject this Project, even at the reduced size proposed just this week, until it has been fully vetted through preparation of an environmental impact report, or unless conditioned to ensure the protection of wetland species and habitats. Sincerely, Michelle Black Enclosures 1. September 19, 2025 Comment Letter of Los Cerritos Wetlands Land Trust, with attachments a. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Southern Los Cerritos Wetlands Restoration Project, Cogstone (2023). b. P.A. Fleming, All that Glitters: Review of solar energy impacts on fauna, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2025). 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Steve Tyler <abc3dtd@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 8:19 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Proposed solar project Attachments:Seal Beach trash Nov 2025 alone foto 2.JPG; Seal Beach trash Nov 2025 alone.JPG Along with friends, later my wife, I've been visiting Seal Beach for fifty years. Although I've lived in Whittier, now Orange, your charming community has been a common weekend destination. We've stayed in motels, dined at your eateries, shopped the Main Street stores (not long ago I had a $400 custom body board made at one of the surf shops), and more. Along with friends, I've been volunteering with saveourbeach.org, including the most recent cleanup when I brought another first timer. I've often done this alone, especially after heavy rains. With less than 10% of our coastal wetlands remaining, they are most certainly in dire straits. For the sake of wildlife, the people that enjoy hiking and the environment as a whole, it is crucial they remain intact with no nearby projects that could have detrimental consequences. The proposed solar panels should be placed on the rooftops of buildings, away from the wetlands. Likely more expensive, the cost to our valuable natural resources is far, far greater. Respectfully Stephen Tyler 2564 Franki Orange CA 92865 657 236 7354 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Andrew Briones <andrewbriones198@yahoo.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 12:32 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Protect the Los Cerritos Wetlands - Request for a full EIR I am writing to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to the sensitive wetland habitat known as Los Cerritos Wetlands. I currently intern here and have come to learn of the great ecological importance and historical significance the this wetland has. The wetlands and the proposed area are part of the Pacific Flyway, where birds migrate up and down the coast. Solar panels may harm or disorient the birds when flying. Additionally, 5 acres of habitat will be damaged or disturbed during construction, including removing native plants and endangered tarplant, a special status species within the wetland. This project will not benefit the community, and will only benefit private oil operations. Furthermore, these wetlands hold significance for local Indigenous groups and are part of their culture and history. Solar panels can be sited on top of existing buildings instead of in our last remaining open spaces. Large solar farms can cause a local heat island effect, warming nearby neighborhoods and habitats. This project has not considered the full scope of environmental & community impacts. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. Thank you for your consideration. Best regards, Andrew Briones 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Cynthia Roberts <cmroberts4@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 11:42 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar Farm Project I am writing to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. I live in the west side of LB, and the wetlands is one of the few natural areas we have nearby. This land must be protected and all possible negative impacts considered before moving forward with this solar project. Thank you, ---- Cynthia Roberts 310-918-0059 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:j lanzone <j.a.lanzone@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 9:03 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar panels near wetlands Please Advance the idea of a full environmental impact report and consider alternative placement of solar panels - possibly mandated on any and all future homes and buildings be in it built. Placing the the panels were the electricity is being used places less stress on the transmission system, and may in the end prevent fires of the sort that we've seen in the last several years attributed to overcharged power lines. Sincerely, John Lanzone, Esq 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Phyllis Schmidt <plants29@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 10:44 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar Panels Would like solar panels moved to another locaƟon so as not to endanger the Wetlands. Thank you for your consideraƟon . Phyllis Schmidt Sent from my iPhone 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:sapffelbj@aol.com Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 8:00 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar Project in wetlands Dear Shaun Temple. Please push for a FULL review of the impact of solar projects near these Los Cerritos wetlands. An EIR is NEEDED and should not be skirted over. Your help is needed to help protect what little is left of these precious wetland areas. Thank you Shaun Apffel Sent from the all new AOL app for iOS 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:John Husek <j_husek@yahoo.com> Sent:Monday, February 2, 2026 10:51 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar Project Proposal My main concern on this proposal is how will they be mitigating the lake/water effect solar panels have on birds? As you probably know, installations like this can cause birds to crash into them, thinking they are a body of water and being so close to the wetlands, this should be a real concern. I would also like to know if there are any similar sized projects already completed, that we could reach out to and see what problems or solutions they have faced. Unfortunately I will not be able to attend the Feb 4th meeting, but if you'd be willing to voice my concerns I would greatly appreciate it. Thanks again for your time on this matter. Sincerely, John Husek 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:jill brennan <jillbrennan2014@gmail.com> Sent:Friday, February 6, 2026 3:14 PM To:Shaun Temple Cc:jill brennan Subject:Wetlands proposed solar farm on City Council agenda again Dear Mr. Temple, I am writing again to express my opposition to the Hellman Ranch proposed solar field on the Wetlands below Heron Pointe. There are many other options for this proposed solar farm. There are no other options to replace the wetlands. As you know, almost 98% of California Wetlands have disappeared due to development. Please save this historic and sacred land and vital, irreplaceable ecological system. As a longtime resident of Seal Beach I remember the recent history of Hellman property development plans. In 1981, the SB City Council approved a proposal for 1,000 homes on this land (!). The CA Coastal Commission denied it as it did not provide for wetlands conservation. In 1989, a proposal for 329 homes was blocked. in 1990, the City Council voted no on this proposal for 329 homes. In 1991, this proposal was taken to the citizens of Seal Beach by Mola Homes, and it was voted down. In 1996, another proposal arose for 70 homes and an 18 hole golf course. A lawsuit was filed, and the proposal was denied. in 1999, Hellman proposed 70 new homes, and in 2001 the grading for Heron Pointe began. It was stopped temporarily as it uncovered a Native American burial ground with 22 souls. In 2003, the builder agreed to re-bury the remains and to build a cultural interpretive area. The number of homes was reduced to 64. Why destroy more ancient history and the essential Wetlands that have supported this sacred land and wildlife for thousands of years? Thank you in advance for saving this last vestige of wetlands and priceless cultural history. Please be a good ancestor to future generations. Please Hellman Ranch, let your legacy be that you saved these Wetlands. It appears the SB City Website is down this afternoon, so I ask that you pass this on to all the City Council members when the website is functional again. Respectfully submitted, Jill Brennan Concerned Seal Beach citizen 1 Gloria Harper From:Steve Tyler <abc3dtd@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 7:42 AM To:Shaun Temple Attachments:coastal commission packed house.JPG; Coastal Commission display board with clock.JPG No need to repeat my prior email but there must be a full EIR on the proposed solar project. I imagine this could well be tied up via lawsuits, just as the Poseidon Project that was finally denied by the CCC, a meeting I attended after fighting against it for years. Stephen Tyler Orange 1 Gloria Harper From:s woodward <therealswoodward@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 10:57 AM To:Shaun Temple Cc:elizabeth@lcwlandtrust.org Subject:Wildlife habitat or solar panels Dear Interim Community Development Director, California has lost more than 90% of its historical wetlands and now, many of the remaining wetlands are afflicted by pollution and encroachment. You are in charge of protecting and preserving this cherished habitat. It is not only a home for wildlife, it is a sanctuary for enjoying nature. Putting in solar panels means complete destruction of the precious habitat at the installation site. It is no better than putting in a parking lot. It is NOT environmentally friendly. I am all for solar energy, but not here for God’s sake! Solar panels belong on rooftops and parking lots, not in place of treasured wildlife habitats. -Stu Woodward 1 Gloria Harper From:Marissa Vega <marissamvega@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 10:21 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar Panel Project To whom it may concern: I am writing to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. I am passionate about our preserved ecological open spaces and this project would damage 5 acres of critical habitat for our local flora and fauna. Unfortunately, this project will only benefit big oil companies. Please provide confirmation of receipt of this email. Thank you, Marissa Vega 1 Gloria Harper From:Lauren Helm <Lhelm@losal.org> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 9:47 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:EIR - Hellman Solar Farm Project To the Seal Beach City Council, My name is Lauren Helm, and I am the Environmental Science teacher at Los Alamitos High School. As an educator and a community member, I am writing to formally advocate for a full Environmental Impact Report (EIR) regarding the proposed Hellman Solar Farm Project. While transitioning to renewable energy is a vital step in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, such projects should be balanced with the preservation of our existing local ecosystems. The Los Cerritos Wetlands serve as a critical ecological resource, providing essential wildlife habitat and acting as a natural buffer for flood control and storm impact absorption. A comprehensive EIR is necessary to: Assess how the installation may affect native species and migratory patterns within the wetlands. Ensure that the project does not compromise the wetlands’ ability to manage storm runoff. Allow the community to weigh the trade-offs and implement adjustments that protect our natural resources while pursuing green energy. As a community, we have a responsibility to ensure that green initiatives do not inadvertently come at the cost of our most sensitive ecosystems. A full EIR will provide the transparency and data needed to make an informed decision for the future of Seal Beach. Thank you for your time and for your dedication to our environment and community. Lauren Helm Science Teacher Los Alamitos High School 562-799-4780 x82279 Support our Classroom! https://www.amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/31LTRYV3OXSPK?ref_=wl_share 2 1 Gloria Harper From:Neysa Frechette <nkfrechette@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 9:37 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Hellman Oil Field Solar Array Dear Mr. Temple, This email is in response to an item on this evening’s City Council Agenda. I work in an around the Los Cerritos Wetlands and I am concerned about the proposed project for a solar array to power the oil infrastructure at the Hellman property. Not only will this project result in environmental damages from impacts of solar panels and increasing fossil fuel emissions from oil, but it also prolongs the life of the oilfield that must ultimately be restored to wetlands. Remnant wetlands are few and far between and they must be throughly protected. The solar project should be denied or a t least require a full EIR and significant mitigation and ultimately fund the restoration of the land after the oilfield is retired. Thank you for your time, Neysa Frechette 1 Gloria Harper From:Tracy Drake <tdrakehawk@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 8:18 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Solar panels at Cerritos wetlands Good morning Mr. Temple, As a previous naturalist and manager for all of the Parks in Torrance and for the Madrona Marsh Preserve, I have been following this project very closely for many, many years. It has the potential of being amazing and resource as an incredible biological resource for residential and migratory flora and fauna. While I am excited that there will be in the future and have been improvements to the Cerritos wetlands, I am still concerned about the solar panels installation project. Even though the footprint has been reduced an EIR is necessary because the scope of work still has the panels located so near critical habitat. I am a birder and a naturalist. With everything that is happening with the climate lately, it is incumbent upon we who are stewards of land to take responsible actions and make or help others make excellent decisions based on the health of these wetlands, far into future. Please share these thoughts with the city council. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to reach out to me. Thank you for your time and consideration, Tracy Drake Long Beach 1 Gloria Harper From:Dorothy Gutierrez <totomom87@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 6:15 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Seal Beach City Council I reside in Cerritos, many memories were made from visits to Seal Beach. It has and will remain a "community' beach area. I am now a member of the Sierra Club in order to become aware of environmental concerns. Los Cerritos along with Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserves are the remaining few wetlands. I am requesting an EIR be performed to determine the future impact of solar panels. This decision should take into account future generations of memories. Regards Dorothy Gutierrez 1 Gloria Harper From:Melanie Russell <lineberger.melanie@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 2:27 AM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Hellman Solar Project Concern Dear Mr. Temple, I am writing to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. As a frequent visitor of the Gum Grove nature preserve, I’m concerned about this project’s impacts on the Pacific Flyway and migrating birds. I live nearby in east Long Beach and visit Gum Grove at least once a week, so I care deeply about the future of this space and community. Thank you, Melanie Lineberger (562) 374-1303 1 Gloria Harper From:Ian Rhodes <ianrhodeswp@gmail.com> Sent:Sunday, February 8, 2026 10:11 PM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Comments on Hellman solar project Hello, I am writing to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. These are the last intact stretches of wild land in the seal beach - Long Beach area, and they deserve full protection. Solar panels are a great, innovative addition to the city, but they should be put on rooftops, not land with immense ecological potential. Thank you, Ian Rhodes 1 Gloria Harper From:Lizette Ashcraft <LAshcraft@nlmusd.k12.ca.us> Sent:Friday, February 6, 2026 5:14 PM To:Shaun Temple Cc:elizabeth@lcwlandtrust.org Subject:Regional Concerns - Proposed Solar Project Adjacent to Seal Beach Wetlands Dear Project Manager Shaun Temple and Seal Beach City Council, I am concerned about the proposed solar project adjacent to the sensitive wetland ecological area in Seal Beach and to request a thorough environmental review before the project proceeds. While I am not a resident of Seal Beach, these wetlands are important to our entire region. They are interconnected to: - Essential habitat for migratory birds - Coastal water quality and marine ecosystems - Flood control, so necessary for protecting residents' homes - Biodiversity conservation I have solar panels on my own home and love them, but I am not so sure about solar panels near a delicate eco sensitive area. I respectfully urge the City Council to require a comprehensive environmental impact review that evaluates: - Full scope of wetland impacts - Alternative locations - Mitigation measures if impacts cannot be avoided - Long-term ecological effects These regional wetland resources deserve protection through rigorous environmental review. Kind regards, Lizette Ashcraft, Lakewood resident 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Chelsea Mcneil <ilovebutter27@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 3:01 PM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Enviornmental review I am writing to express concern for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. Other talking points: The wetlands and the proposed area are part of the Pacific Flyway, where birds migrate up and down the coast. Solar panels may harm or disorient the birds when flying. 5 acres of habitat will be damaged or disturbed during construction, including removing native plants and endangered tarplant. This project will not benefit the community, and will only benefit private oil operations. Solar panels can be sited on top of existing buildings instead of in our last remaining open spaces. Large solar farms can cause a local heat island effect, warming nearby neighborhoods and habitats. This project has not considered the full scope of envoirnmental impacts. Thank you, Chelsea Arrizon 1 Brandon DeCriscio From:Daniella Gavriel <dgavriel11@gmail.com> Sent:Monday, February 9, 2026 4:04 PM To:Shaun Temple Subject:Hellman Solar Farm Project Hello, I am writing to express my concerns for the large solar panel project proposed on the Hellman Property next to our sensitive wetlands habitat. As a local resident, I believe a full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. This project is proposed adjacent to a large restoration project that took many years to approve and start. This solar farm will negatively impact 5 more acres of wetland and coastal habitat in an already saturated and heavily urbanized environment, which will only lead to more fragmented habitat. Solar farms cause a heat island surrounding them and this one is proposed on critical habitat for multiple endangered species. A full environmental review is needed to understand the potential impacts to the wetlands and our community. Best, Daniella Gavriel